Практический курс обучения профессионально ориентированному иностранному языку. Электроэнергетика и электротехника. В 2 частях. Ч.1. Учебное пособие

Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ПОЛИТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ПЕТРА ВЕЛИКОГО

Гуманитарный институт

Кафедра иностранных языков

Т. Н. Иванова Т. Н. Крепкая

ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС ОБУЧЕНИЯ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНО ОРИЕНТИРОВАННОМУ ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ

ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГЕТИКА И ЭЛЕКТРОТЕХНИКА

Часть 1

Учебное пособие

Санкт-Петербургский политехнический университет Петра Великого

Санкт-Петербург

2024

The Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation

PETER THE GREAT

ST. PETERSBURG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY

Institute of Humanities

Department of Foreign Languages

T. N. Ivanova T. N. Krepkaya

PRACTICAL COURSE OF LEARNING

A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

ELECTRIC POWER ENGINEERING

AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Part 1

Training manual

Peter the Great

St.Petersburg Polytechnic

University

Saint Petersburg

2024

U n i t 1

ENGINEERING

LEAD-IN: vocabulary and speaking

1. Discuss the quotation below. Explain its meaning and say whether you agree or not, and why.

Engineering is a living branch of human activity and its frontiers are by no means exhausted.

Igor I. Sikorsky, 1879–1972, Russian aircraft designer

2. Work with a partner to discuss the following.

1 Think of your own definition of the term engineering.

2 How can the word engineering be rendered into Russian?

3What branches of engineering can you name? What do they deal with? Which of them can you study at Peter the Great St. Petersburg

Polytechnic University?

4 What branch of engineering have you chosen to study?

3. Study the list of words and their definitions. Give the Russian equivalents of the words. Consult the dictionary if necessary.

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4. Complete the sentences with the words from exercise 3.

1The university bought several new pieces of __________ for the chemistry laboratory.

2 You should, ideally, have a degree in __________ or __________.

3Now,asthey__________newtechnologyproducts,Hewlett-Packard engineers can morph within minutes into five or six nimble teams.

4Because there had been no __________, the college buildings were in a poor state.

5Mechanics is a __________ of physics.

6Radiation is released during the handling and __________ of radioactive materials and as they are transported to and from nuclear sites.

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7Wehavedecidedto__________thecommittee’srecommendations in full.

8The __________ of a new computer system will take about a week.

9To understand the nature of this challenge, we must first come to terms with the __________ of a physical field.

10The electricity __________ is less reliable in mountainous areas of the country.

11The sample tasks all __________ a measurement context in which decimals have to be ordered.

12They now have four satellites under __________.

Reading 1

5.Readthetextanddrawadiagramofmainbranchesofengineeringusing the information from the text.

6.Read the text again. Are these statements true or false, or does the text not say?

1 Engineering is the name of the profession of an engineer.

2 The term engineering originally referred to military engines.

3Civil engineering was a discipline which was concerned with the construction of non-military projects.

4 William Gilbert was the inventor of the electric motor.

5.Industrial revolution began at the end of the 17th century with the invention of the steam engine.

6.The need for large scale production of chemicals gave rise to development of chemical engineering.

7.Aeronautical engineering dates back to early times.

BRANCHES OF ENGINEERING

Engineering, much like science, is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with different areas of engineering work. Although initially

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an engineer will be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer’s career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Historically the main branches of engineering are categorized as follows:

Aerospace engineering deals with the design of aircraft, spacecraft and related topics.

Chemical engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical principles in order to carry out large scale chemical processing, as well as designing new materials and fuels.

Civilengineeringisconcernedwiththedesignandconstructionofpublic and private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply and treatment, etc.), bridges and buildings.

Electricalengineeringisaboutthegenerationanddistributionofelectricity and its many applications. It also includes electrical installations, lighting as well as the installation and maintenance of the equipment involved in these processes. Electronic engineering is concerned with developing componentsandequipmentforcommunications,computing,andsoon. Mechanical engineering deals with the design of physical or mechanical systems, such as engines, powertrains, kinematic chains and vibration isolation equipment. Mechanical engineering includes marine, automobile, aeronautical,heatingandventilating,andothers.

With the rapid advancement of technology many new fields are gaining prominence and new branches are developing such as computer engineering, software engineering, nanotechnology, tribology, molecular engineering, mechatronics etc. These new specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches such as mechanical engineering and mechatronics and electrical and computer engineering. Mining and medical engineering belong partly to mechanical and partly to electrical.

The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the wordengineer, which itself dates back to 1325, when anengineer (literally,onewhooperatesanengine)originallyreferredtoaconstructor of military engines.

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Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering.

The first electrical engineer is considered to be William Gilbert, with his 1600 publication of De Magnete, who was the originator of the term electricity. Electrical engineering can trace its origins in the experiments of Alessandro Volta in the 1800s, the experiments of Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others and the invention of the electric motor in 1872.

The work of James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz in the late 19th century gave rise to the field of electronics. The later inventions of the vacuum tube and the transistor further accelerated the development ofelectronics to such an extent that electrical and electronics engineers currently outnumber their colleagues of any other engineering specialty.

The first steam engine was built in 1698 by mechanical engineer Thomas Savery. The development of this device gave rise to the industrial revolution in the coming decades, allowing for the beginnings of mass production. The inventions of Thomas Savery and the Scottish engineer JamesWattgaverisetomodernmechanical engineering.Thedevelopment of specialized machines and their maintenance tools during the industrial revolution led to the rapid growth of mechanical engineering both in its birthplace Britain and abroad.

Chemical engineering developed in the nineteenth century during the Industrial Revolution. Industrial scale manufacturing demanded new materials and new processes and by 1880 the need for large scale production of chemicals was such that a new industry was created. The role of the chemicalengineerwasthedesignofthesechemicalplantsandprocesses.

Aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft design while aerospace engineering is a more modern term. Its origins can be traced back to the aviation pioneers around the turn of the century from the 19th century to the 20th. Early knowledge of aeronautical engineering was largely empirical with some concepts and skills imported from other branches of engineering.

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