Практический курс обучения профессионально ориентированному иностранному языку. Электроэнергетика и электротехника. В 2 частях. Ч.1. Учебное пособие

20. Express the same in English.

1 Основные виды электрических цепей – ​это цепи с последовательным соединением элементов и цепи с параллельным соединением элементов.

2 Для цепей различных типов необходимы одни и те же основные компоненты: источник электрической энергии, проводники, приемники электрического тока, управляющие и защитные устройства.

3 В последовательной цепи элементы соединены друг с другом таким образом, что есть только один маршрут для протекания электрического тока.

4 В цепи с параллельным соединением элементов более одного маршрута для протекания электрического тока.

5 Каждая цепь, как правило, содержит прерыватель цепи, который отключает питание автоматически, или питание может быть отключено вручную.

6Гальванометр – ​прибор для обнаружения токов малой силы, состоящий из катушек на пружинах, стрелки и магнита. Прибор был назван вчесть итальянского физика Л.Гальвани.

7Амперметр – ​прибор, который используется для измерения токов разной силы вэлектрических цепях.

8Вольтметры измеряют разность электрических потенциалов, т. е. напряжение вэлектрической цепи.

9Мультиметр–​прибор,которыйможетвыполнятьфункцииампер- метра, вольтметра иомметра. Мультиметр имеет кнопки, позволяющиепереключатьегодлявыполненияразличныхфункций.

21. Translate the text into Russian.

POWER IN ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

Power is the measure of how much work can be done in a given amount of time. Mechanical power is commonly measured (in America) in “horsepower”.Electricalpowerisalmostalwaysmeasuredin“watts”,and

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it can be calculated by the formulaP =IE. Electrical power is a product of both voltage and current, not either one separately. Horsepower and watts are merely two different units for describing the same kind of physical measurement, with 1 horsepower equaling 745.7 watts.

CALCULATING ELECTRICAL POWER

We’ve seen the formula for determining the power in an electrical circuit: by multiplying the voltage in “volts” by the current in “amps” we arrive at an answer in “watts”. Let’s apply this to a circuit example:

I = ???

In the above circuit, we know we have a battery voltage of 18 volts and a lamp resistance of 3 Ω. Using Ohm’s Law to determine current, we get:

I = E/R = 18 V/3Ω = 6 A

Now that we know the current, we can take that value and multiply it by the voltage to determine power:

P = IE = (6 A) (18 V) = 108 W

Answer: the lamp is dissipating (releasing) 108 watts of power, most likely in the form of both light and heat.

22.Render the text intoEnglishusing language youhave studied inthisunit.

Первым и самым необходимым элементом электрической цепи является проводник. Проводниками в простых электрических цепях являются элементы, имеющие очень маленькое сопротивление току и обычно изготовленные из сплавов меди или алюминия. Это изолированные или неизолированные провода, кабели, шины и т. д. При небольшой длине они имеют маленькое электрическое сопротивление. С увеличением длины проводника, а также

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с уменьшением площади его поперечного сечения (cross sectional area) сопротивление растет, что приводит к изменениям параметров электрической цепи. Это свойство нужно всегда учитывать.

Целостность, а значит, и пригодность к использованию проводника, проверяется посредством измерения его сопротивления. Логика проверки проста: маленькое сопротивление–​проводник цел, большое – ​есть обрыв. Бывает, что на протяжении измеряемого участка проводник приходит в негодность в результате коррозии, механических повреждений и т. д. Или в местах соединений имеется плохой контакт. В таких случаях можно наблюдать любое сопротивление цепи(какдостаточнонизкое,такиоченьвысокое).Такоесостояние участка цепи с проводником считается нерабочим. Повреждение проводникаилиплохойконтактнаходитсяиустраняется.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1

UNDERSTANDING A LECTURE

Unit 3. Electricity

1. Watch a part of a lecture about electricity and answer the questions.

1 What is the lecturer going to teach the students during his lectures? 2 Where is electricity used according to the lecturer?

2. Watch the video again and complete the sentences with the information from the lecture.

1 A nucleus is very small compared to __________.

2The nucleus has protons which __________ and it has neutrons which __________.

3 The mass of the proton is approximately the same as __________.

4 If the atom is neutral, __________ is the same.

5 If you take one electron off, you __________.

6 If you add an electron, then you __________.

7 The charge of the electron is __________.

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8 All the mass of an atom is __________.

9 The atom itself is about ten thousand times larger than a _________.

Unit 3. Electromagnetism

1. Watch a part of the lecture about electromagnetism and complete the sentences with the information from the lecture.

1 In 1819 Oersted discovered that __________.

2 Later Faraday suggested that __________.

3 The components of the circuit were __________.

4 When the circuit is closed __________.

5 A magnetic field depends on __________.

6 Faraday put a loop __________.

7 Faraday never managed to __________.

8 Faraday concluded that __________.

9 Then Faraday noticed that _________.

10Therefore Faraday concluded that _________.

11A current, therefore an electric field, can __________.

12This phenomenon is called __________.

2.Watch the video again. Choose one of the experiments shown by the lecturer and explain it.

Unit 4. Electrical Circuits

1.Watchapartofalectureaboutelectricalcircuitsandcompletethenotes with the missing information.

1 The most basic circuit consists of __________.

2 The symbol of a battery is made up of __________. 3 The symbol of a wire is __________.

4 Other components that a circuit may be fitted with are __________.

5 The voltages at different points around the circuit are the same because __________.

6 Current flows in the circuit due to __________. 7 Current is how much ________.

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–a wide range of vocabulary on the topic (VOCABULARY FOR THE

MONOLOGUE)

–grammar structures studied in Unit 1 (the Passive Voice)

–linking words and phrases

Step 1. Introduction

1.Start with a hook sentence that will attract the listener’s attention, a quote, a proverb, etc.

2.Lead your speech steadily to the main part of your talk.

3.The introduction may consist of 3–6 sentences.

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Step 2. Branches of engineering

2.1.Give a definition of the term engineering.

2.2.Describe the main branches of engineering.

Step 3. The profession of an engineer

3.1.Speak about engineering as a profession, knowledge and skills that engineers should have.

3.2.Say what problems engineers solve and what methods they use to solve the problems.

Step 4. Degrees in engineering

4.1.Speak about engineering education in Russia.

4.2.Compare engineering education in Russia and abroad.

Step 5. Career choice

5.1.Explain why you have chosen the profession of an electrical engineer.

5.2.Say what aims you are going to achieve in this field and what you need to do to achieve them.

Step 6. Conclusion

Summarise the ideas of steps 2–5.

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Monologue on MEASUREMENT (Unit 2)

Fillinthetablewiththeinformation relevanttothetask.Youranswerstothe questionsshouldbeextendedanddetailed. Use:

–a wide range of vocabulary on the topic (VOCABULARY FOR THE

MONOLOGUE)

–grammar structures studied in Units 1–2 (the Passive Voice, Modals with Passive Forms)

–linking words and phrases

Step1.Introduction

1.Startwithahooksentence thatwillattractthelistener’s attention, a quote, a proverb, etc.

2.Leadyourspeechsteadilyto themainpartofyourtalk.

3.Theintroductionmay consistof3–6sentences.

Step2.Whatis Measurement?

2.1.Giveadefinitionofthe term.

2.2.Explainwhymeasurement isimportantinengineering.

Step3.Systemsof measurement

3.1.Speakaboutsystemsof measurementusedindifferent countries.

3.2.Say what principles SI is based on.

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Step 4. Measurable parameters

4.1.Say which parameters in electrical engineering are measurable.

4.2.Explain how efficient electricity grids are.

Step 5. Measuring devices

5.1.Speak about a wide range of measuring devices.

5.2.Say how they can be classified.

Step 6. Conclusion

Summarise the ideas of steps 2–5.

Monologue on ELECTRICITY AND ELECTROMAGNETISM (Unit 3)

Fillinthetablewiththeinformation relevanttothetask.Youranswerstothe questionsshouldbeextendedanddetailed. Use:

–a wide range of vocabulary on the topic (VOCABULARY FOR THE

MONOLOGUE)

–grammar structures studied in Units 1–3 (the Passive Voice, Modals with Passive Forms, the Participle)

–linking words and phrases

Step 1. Introduction

1. Start with a hook sentence that will attract the listener’s attention (a quote, a proverb, etc.).

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2.Leadyourspeechsteadilyto themainpartofyourtalk.

3.Theintroductionmay consistof3–6sentences.

Step 2. What is Electricity?

2.1. Give a definition of the termelectricity.

2.1. Say where electricity is used.

Step 3. Conduction of

Electricity

3.1.Explain what determines the conduction of electricity.

3.2.Speak about conductors, nonconductors

and semi-conductors.

Step 4. Types of Electricity

4.1.Say what static electricity is and what it is caused by.

4.2.Explain what direct current electricity is.

4.3.Explain what alternating current electricity is and what its advantage over direct current is.

Step 5. Electromagnetism

5.1.Describe the phenomenon of electromagnetism.

5.2.Speakaboutscientistswho contributedtothedevelopment ofelectromagnetictheory.

Step 6. Conclusion

Summarise the ideas of steps 2–5.

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Monologue on ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS (Unit4)

You are going to give a talk about The text of the monologue.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS.

Fillinthetablewiththeinformation relevanttothetask.Youranswerstothe questionsshouldbeextendedanddetailed. Use:

–awiderangeofvocabularyonthe topic(VOCABULARY FORTHE

MONOLOGUE)

–grammarstructuresstudiedinUnits 1–4(thePassiveVoice,Modalswith PassiveForms,theParticiple,the AbsoluteParticipialConstruction)

–linkingwordsandphrases

Step 1. Introduction

1.Startwithahooksentencethat willattractthelistener’sattention (aquote,aproverb,etc.)

2.Lead your speech steadily to the main part of your talk.

3.The introduction may consist of 3–6 sentences.

Step 2. Circuits and Components

2.1.Give a definition of the term electrical circuit.

2.2.Say what the basic components of electrical circuits are.

2.3.Explain what the function of each component is.

Step 3. Simple Types of Electrical Circuits

3.1. Speak about design of series and parallel circuits.

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