Практический курс обучения профессионально ориентированному иностранному языку. Электроэнергетика и электротехника. В 2 частях. Ч.1. Учебное пособие

connection

information

specialization

instruction

Use of English 1: grammar

Modals with Passive Forms

9. Study the following examples.

You should take care when using conversion chart.

Care should be taken when using conversion chart.

You may use a prefix to express large numbers.

Prefix may be used to express large numbers.

10. Rewrite the following sentences using can/should/must/may with the passive form.

1 You must position the flywheel housing very precisely.

2You can check the position by placing a magnetic base onto the crankshaft.

3 Itispossibletoconvertmilesintokilometersbymultiplyingby1.609.

4You can express the multiple 106 using the prefix ‘mega’ and you must use M as the symbol for this.

5With SI numbers, you should not use a comma to separate multiples of a thousand. You may use a space instead.

Reading 2

11. Read the article and think of Russian equivalents of the words in bold.

MEASURABLE PARAMETERS

Supply, demand and capacity

Calculating the capacity of an electricity grid – ​the amount of energy it needs to supply to users – ​might seem simple. Just add up the power supplied over a given period of time to give the total amount consumed

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by users. Then, divide the cumulative amount of power used during the whole period by the number of hours in the period. The result is an average level of consumption per hour. But there’s one problem with this method – ​and it’s a major one.

Therateofpowerconsumption–the​ amountthat’sbeingconsumedata particular moment – is​ not constant. In other words, consumption does not stay at the same level all the time. So electricitysupply requirements cannot simply beaveraged out over time. People use more power at certain times of day, and less at other times, which means thatdemand for power fluctuates significantly. Generally, it rises to a maximum in the evening (peakdemandisateveningmealtimes),andfallstoitslowestlevelsduring the night. These fluctuations are so big that at peak times consumption can be twice as high as it is duringoff-peak times. Clearly, the grid needs to have sufficient capacity tomeet demand when consumptionpeaks. But since each peak is brief, the grid will onlyrun to capacity – at​ or close to itsmaximumcapability–for​ afewmomentseachday.Thismeans,most of the time, it has significant spare capacity.

Input, output and efficiency

Power lines and transformers are relatively inefficient, wasting energy – ​ mainly by giving off heat. As a result, there is a difference between input – the​ amount of energy put into the grid by power stations, and output – the​ amount used by consumers. On a typical grid, the differencebetweeninputandoutputisabout7%–there​ isa7%energy loss. But if electricity is generated at the place where it’s consumed, and not transmitted through long-distance power lines, this loss can be avoided. Consequently, locally produced electricity is more efficient than grid-supplied power, as there is a gain in efficiency of around 7 %.

One way to produce power locally is with photovoltaics (PVs) – ​often called solar panels. However, many PV installations are still connected to the electricity grid. This means that when there is surplus power – ​ when electricity is being produced by the solar panels faster than it is needed in the home – ​it is fed into the grid. If consumption exceeds production – ​if electricity is being used in the home faster than the solar panels can produce it – ​then power is taken from the grid. Homes with low consumption may therefore become net producers of power, producing more electricity than they consume.

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12. Read the article again. Are these sentences true or false?

1 Calculating the capacity of an electricity grid is an easy task.

2The rate of power consumption is the cumulative amount of power used during the whole period divided by the number of hours in the period.

3 Therateofpowerconsumptionfluctuatesconsiderablyduringtheday.

4Thereisnodifferencebetweentheamountofenergyputintothegrid by power stations and the amount used by consumers.

5Photovoltaics (PVs) and solar panels are different ways to produce electricity locally.

Use of English 2: vocabulary

13. An engineer is talking to a colleague about the design of a fuel tank for a water pump. Complete the explanation using the words in the box.

Fuel (1) __________ for this engine is about 1.5 litres per hour. Of course, sometimes it’ll (2) __________ a bit more, sometimes a bit less, depending on the workload. But 1.5 is an (3) __________ figure. And let’s say the (4) __________ of a work shift is 8 hours. The pump will have to be stopped occasionally, to clean the intake filter, so it won’t be 8 hours of (5) __________ running. But we’ll say 8 hours, to be on the safe side. So 8 hours of running at a (6) __________ of 1.5 litres per hour gives 12 litres of (7) __________ consumption over a shift. So if we want the pump to have sufficient fuel autonomy for an 8-hour shift, the (8) __________ of the fuel tank needs to be 12 litres, minimum.

14.Choosethecorrectwordsfromthebracketstocompletetheexplanations from a guided tour of a manufacturing plant.

1A lot of heat is generated in this part of the process. And all of that (input/output) is recycled – ​it provides a (demand/supply) of heat for the next stage of the process. So it’s quite an (efficient/inefficient) system.

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2Sometimes,there’s(insufficient/surplus)heat,anditcan’tallberecycled. At other times there isn’t quite enough recycled heat to keep up with (peak/off-peak)demandforheatenergyfurtheralongtheprocess.

3Some material is lost in the washing process, but the mass of water absorbed is greater than the mass of material lost. So there’s a net (loss/gain) in total mass.

Study Skills: Numbers

15. Study the examples. Numbers

1,000 – ​a/one thousand

8,000 – eight​ thousand

200,000 – ​two hundred thousand

1,000,000 – a/one​ million

6,000,000 – ​six million

121 – one​ hundred and twenty-one (books) 7,006 – seven​ thousand and six

3,200 – ​three thousand and two hundred

2,045,328–two​ millionforty-fivethousandthreehundredandtwenty-eight

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16. Match these written numbers with the way they are read.

Multiplication, addition, division, subtraction

17. Match the words and phrases from column A with the four operations from column B.

18. Put the words and phrases from the box into the sentences below.

times/multiplied by divided by minus plus

1 Four________ eighteen equals twenty-two.

2 Seventeen ____________ thirteen equals two hundred twenty-one.

3 Ninety-six _________ four equals twenty-four.

4 Ten ________ nine equals one.

Listening

19. You will hear a part of a lecture. It has been divided into sections to enable you to understand it more easily. After each section answer the following questions.

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Section 1

1Isthisthefirstlecturethespeakerhasgiventotheclass?Ifnot,how do you know?

2 What is the subject of this lecture?

3Does the lecturer specify an exact number of ways to classify measuring devices?

Section 2

Complete the classification diagram below with the three categories mentioned by the lecturer.

measurement categories

Section 3

Complete the top section of the classification diagram below.

callipers

graduated cylinders alcohol

spring

Section 4

Complete as much of the rest of the diagram as possible with the examples of measuring devices mentioned in this section of the lecture.

Section 5

How does the household thermometer function, according to the lecturer?

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Writing

20. Match measuring devices with their functions. Then choose one measuring device and write a brief explanation about the way it can be classified.

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Speaking

21. Work in pairs. Give a talk about measurement using information from the unit and language you have studied in this unit. Take turns to listen to each other.

Student A

You should say:

–What a measuring device is and why a wide range of measuring devices has been designed

–What devices are used to measure current, voltage and resistance and what their circuit placement is

–How measuring devices can be classified, what classification is shown in the diagram and what devices each category includes

Student B

You should say:

–What measurement is and why measurement is important in engineering

–What systems of measurement are used in different countries nowadays and how units of one system are converted into units of another system

–What kind of table is shown below and what information it provides

22. Speak on the topic of Measurement. Write a series of topic sentences which summarise the information in Unit 2. Start each paragraph with the topic sentence and then add extra details and examples. Use the

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monologue plan on p. 77, vocabulary on p. 89 and linking words and phrases on p. 108 to prepare your monologue.

You should cover the following topics: 1 What is measurement?

2 Systems of measurement

3 Measurable parameters

4 Measuring devices

Translation

23. Match each phrase with its Russian equivalent.

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24. Express the same in English.

1 Измерение – ​это определение размера, объема, веса и т. д. чего-либо посредством использования единиц измерения.

2Во всех отраслях машиностроения измерение играет важную роль.

3Каждой отрасли машиностроения свойственно использование определенных видов измерений.

4Для измерения каждой физической величины существует только одна единица измерения.

5Длина измеряется в метрах, масса – ​в килограммах, время – ​ в секундах.

6Мощностьэлектрическойсети–​этоколичествоэнергии,кото- рое сеть может доставить потребителям.

7Уровень потребления электроэнергии значительно колеблется в течение суток.

8Электрическая сеть должна обладать мощностью, способной удовлетворить спрос на электроэнергию в часы ее максимального потребления.

25. Translate the text from English into Russian.

Electric Meter, or Watt-hour Meter, an instrument that measures the amount of electric energy used by a consumer. The meter is calibrated in kilowatt-hours. One kilowatt-hour is the amount of electric energy required to provide 1,000 watts of power for a period of one hour. (Ten 100-watt light bulbs left on for one hour consume one kilowatt-hour of electric energy.)

An electric power company uses electric meters to measure the amount of electricity consumed by each of its customers. The power company installs an electric meter near where its power lines enter a customer’s building. It reads the meter periodically and charges the customer for the amount of electricity used.

The most common type of electric meter is essentially an electric induction motor that drives a series of geared wheels connected to

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