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Amino sugars, 62, 68, 68f Amino terminal, 83

Aminotransferases, 144, 145f, 753. See also specific types Ammonia

blood concentration of, 757, 761

conversion to urea, 36, 757, 918 (See also Urea cycle) fixing of, 755, 761–762

measuring levels of, 761

nitrogen removal as, 34, 753–755, 754f renal metabolism of, 828–829, 828f

Ammonia toxicity, 36, 757, 760, 761–764, 766t, 827, 834 Ammonium ions, 47, 51t, 56, 753

Amoebiasis, 911, 912, 913, 914, 929t AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), 730, 844 activation of, 657, 697–698, 714, 730 adiponectin and, 657

in autophagy, 744f

in fatty acid oxidation, 618f, 657, 932

in fatty acid synthesis, 636–637in hepatic fibrosis, 714 hepatic targets of, 730

metformin and, 697–698

in muscle metabolism, 726, 932, 938, 938f, 941–942 Amphipathic compounds, 596, 632

Amplification

of DNA sequences, 327–329 cloning for, 327, 328f libraries for, 327–329

polymerase chain reaction for, 329, 329f feedback, in coagulation, 901–902

of genes, 301, 303, 319

of proto-oncogenes, 347–348 in signal transduction, 387 Amygdalin (Laetrile), 490 Amylase, 595

blockers of, 418 pancreatic, 595

pancreatic α-, 415, 418–419, 419f salivary, 595

salivary α-, 25, 415, 418–419, 419f Amylin, 847, 861t

Amylin analog, 847 Amylo-1,6-glucosidase, 530, 531t Amylo-4,6-glucosidase, 531t Amyloid, 101, 105, 114

Amyloidosis, 101, 105, 114, 122, 125t Amylopectin, 69, 415

consumption of, 418 digestion of, 418–419, 419f structure of, 415, 416f, 418 Amylose, 415

consumption of, 418 digestion of, 418–419, 419f structure of, 416f, 418

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 515, 522t

Anabolic hormone, insulin as, 376, 378–379, 526–527, 538–539, 845, 846t Anabolic pathways, 1, 394, 400, 437

Anabolic steroids, 526–527

Anaerobic glycolysis, 369, 370f, 403, 407, 407f, 434–436, 435f, 444–446 acid production in, 444

energy yield of, 489 during exercise, 942–945 in eye, 444, 445

in heart, 445 la

ctate dehydrogenase in, 434, 444–445, 444f

la

ctate fate in, 445, 945 NADH fate in, 443 pyruvate fate in, 444

in skeletal muscle, 444, 939, 942–945 AMP activation in, 942–943, 943f from glycogen, 942–943, 943f

during high-intensity exercise, 944 at onset of exercise, 942

in type IIb fast-twitch glycolytic fibers, 942 tissues dependent on, 444–445, 444t

Analbuminemia, 894Anaplerotic reactions, 458, 472, 473f, 780, 970 Andersen disease, 531t

Androgen(s), 693f

excess of, 668, 690, 694–697 synthesis of, 689–694, 690t, 691f Androgen insensitivity, 306, 315t Android pattern, of fat storage, 30 Androstenedione, 691f, 693, 693f, 694 Anemia(s), 843, 869, 872

in anorexia nervosa, 295, 314, 315t, 474 classification of, 872, 872t

electron transport in, 481

hemolytic, 843, 872, 879, 884, 886–887 hereditary, 843, 869

hypochromic, 314, 872, 872t iron-deficiency (See Iron deficiency) macrocytic, 872, 872t

megaloblastic, 14t, 790–791, 792, 796, 883 microcytic, 872, 872t

normochromic, 872, 872t normocytic, 872, 872t nutritional, 883 pernicious, 797, 799, 803t

sickle cell (See Sickle cell anemia) thalassemia (See Thalassemia) Angelman syndrome, 302, 315t Angina, 81

Angina pectoris, 81, 395 Angiogenesis, tumor, 346, 980 Angiogenesis inhibitors, 980 Anhydride, formation of, 65, 66f Animals

carbohydrates from, 418 transgenic, 335, 337 Anion(s)

in biomolecules, 64, 65f distribution in body fluids, 49, 50t Anion gap, 75, 703

Ankyrin, 879, 880f, 887

Annealing (hybridization), 220, 221f, 323, 323f Anorexia nervosa, 20t, 40–41, 166t, 208t anemia in, 295, 314, 315t, 458, 474

ATP generation in, 375

chemical messengers in, 191, 192, 194, 197, 207 glucokinase activity in, 153, 154

glucose levels in, 568, 579, 587t metabolism in, 151, 152, 163, 164, 387 transcription factors in, 309, 309f

vitamin deficiencies in, 458, 461, 463, 474, 476t Anoxia, 375

Anthropometric measurements, 30 Antibiotics

for pneumonia, 275, 281, 282, 283, 287

protein synthesis as target of, 225, 226, 281, 283, 287–289, 289t

resistance to, 288–289

Antibodies, 895. See also Immunoglobulin(s) catalytic, 133production of

gene rearrangement in, 302–303, 303f posttranscriptional processing in, 310, 310f Antibody–antigen complex, 895

Antibonding electrons, 506 Anti-CD20 antibody, 295 Anticholinergic agents, 143, 193 Anticoagulants, 905–906

Anticodon, 213, 225, 263, 264f, 274–276, 274f Antidepressants, 963, 965

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 57, 57f Antifibrinolytic mechanisms, 893 Antigen(s), 114, 895 Antigen-binding site, 115f, 116 Antihemophilia cofactor, 904–905 Antioxidants, 138, 505, 514–519 endogenous, 514, 516, 518–519 nonenzymatic, 516–519

scavenging enzymes, 515–516

Antiparallel strands, of DNA, 213, 218, 218f, 255 Antiports, 177

Antisense strand, of DNA, 254, 254f Antithrombin III (ATIII), 602, 902–903, 905 Anxiety, hyperventilation in, 57

Aortic stenosis, supravalvular, 983, 994t Apaf/cytochrome c complex, 358, 358f Apgar score, 526

Apolipoprotein(s), 594, 599–602, 678–681, 679t Apolipoprotein(a) (Apo(a)), 679t, 690 Apolipoprotein AI (apoAI), 679t, 681 Apolipoprotein AII (apoAII), 679t, 681 Apolipoprotein AIV (apoAIV), 679t Apolipoprotein B (apoB), 602–603

Apolipoprotein B-48 (apoB-48), 594, 599, 599f, 600f, 602, 603f, 678–679, 679t Apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), 599, 599f, 600f, 602, 648, 679t, 680, 685 Apolipoprotein CI (apoCI), 679t, 681

Apolipoprotein CII (apoCII), 594, 600–601, 678–681, 679t HDL interaction with, 600, 600f, 648, 666, 683, 683f lipoprotein lipase activation by, 600–601, 601f, 678 Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII), 679t, 923

Apolipoprotein E (apoE), 594, 600–602, 600f, 601f, 678–680, 679t on chylomicron remnants, 601–602

HDL interaction with, 600, 600f, 648, 666, 683, 683f receptors recognizing, 600, 685, 687

Apolipoprotein gene, 599, 600f Apoprotein, 110

Apoptosis, 410

Bcl-2 family of proteins in, 357, 358–359, 359f cancer and, 344, 345, 356–360

caspases in, 357, 357f cytochrome c in, 344, 358, 358f

death-receptor pathway of, 344, 357, 358f definition of, 356

execution phase of, 357 initiation phase of, 357–358, 357f microRNAs and, 360

mitochondria and, 358, 358f, 481, 499neuron, 955 normal pathways to, 357–359

p53 protein in, 353–355 regulator, as oncogene, 350t

signal integration phase of, 357, 358–359 Apoptosis-initiating factor (AIF), 499 Apoptosome, 358, 358f

Apoptotic bodies, 357 Appetite, serotonin and, 965 Appetite hormones, 860

Appetite suppressors, 660, 965, 975t Apple shape, 30–31

Approximation, catalysis by, 133 AP site, 241–242, 246

Apurinic site, 241–242, 246 Apyrimidinic site, 241–242, 246 Aquaporins, 175

Arachidonic acid, 70, 71f, 195f

as eicosanoid precursor, 70, 194–195, 632, 638, 640, 642f linoleic acid conversion to, 638, 641f

metabolic pathway of, 640, 642f release of, 640, 642f

structure of, 70, 71f, 195, 195f, 640 Arf protein, 182

Arginase, 751, 758, 766t

Arginine, 12, 83, 84f, 85t conversion to nitric oxide, 968 in creatine synthesis, 940f, 941 degradation of, 771, 778, 778f synthesis of, 770f, 776, 778

in urea cycle, 751, 758–760

cleavage for urea production, 758f, 759 production of, 751, 758–759, 758f, 761 regulatory role of, 760, 760f

Arginine supplementation, 762 Argininosuccinate, 751, 758f, 759 Argininosuccinate lyase, 758f, 759, 766t Argininosuccinate synthetase, 758f, 759, 766t Argonaute, 313

Ariboflavinosis, 14t

Aromatic amino acids, 80, 84f, 85–86, 85t Aromatic compounds, 63

Arrhythmias, 505

Arsenic poisoning, 465, 476t Artery

atherosclerotic, 687–689 normal anatomy of, 687, 688f Arthritis

gouty (See Gout) osteoarthritis, 986 rheumatoid, 986

Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C

A site, on ribosome, 280, 280f, 282–283, 282f Asparaginase, 755, 778, 778f

Asparagine, 84f, 85t, 86, 544 deamination of, 755

degradation of, 771, 771f, 778, 778fsynthesis of, 770f, 778, 778f Aspartate, 84f, 85t, 86, 86f, 968

in AMP synthesis, 808–809, 809f conversion to fumarate, 811, 813f conversion to UMP, 813, 815f degradation of, 771, 771f, 778, 778f functions of, 769

as neurotransmitter, 958, 968

oxaloacetate interconversion with, 573, 573f

in purine synthesis, 806, 806f, 807f, 808–809, 811 in pyrimidine synthesis, 806, 813, 814f, 815f synthesis of, 769, 770f, 778, 778f, 968 transamination of, 753, 753f

in urea cycle, 751, 756–759, 756f

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), 609, 712–713, 755, 757 le

vels as sign of disease, 926–927 Aspartate transcarbamoylase, 813 Aspirin, 140

for atherosclerosis, 688

mechanism of action, 643, 645, 645f, 659

for myocardial infarction prevention, 643, 659, 663t Association constant, 101, 109

Asthma

glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia in, 568, 571, 585, 587t inhaled vs. systemic corticosteroids for, 633–634, 658, 663t Astrocytes, 953, 955

Atherosclerosis, 659, 666–667, 682, 687–689 cholesterol-lowering therapy in, 688, 695–696 fatty streak in, 687, 688

normal arterial anatomy vs., 687, 688f Atherosclerotic plaques, 667, 687, 688–689, 689f Atorvastatin, 659, 668, 688, 695, 696

ATP. See Adenosine triphosphate ATP–ADP cycle, 4, 4f, 394–409

for biochemical work, 394, 400–403

activated intermediates with high-energy bonds in, 402–403, 403f additive values of Gibbs free energy changes in, 400–401 anabolic pathway of, 400

substrate and product concentrations in, 401–402 change in Gibbs free energy in, 394, 395–398 cleavage of ATP bonds in, 394, 396, 396f, 402–403 energy balance in, 408–409

for mechanical work, 394, 399, 399f for transport work, 394, 399–400

ATP–ADP translocase, 481, 496, 497f, 498, 498f ATPase

Ca2+–ATPase pump, 177–178, 399–400 myosin, 399, 399f

Na+–K+–ATPase pump, 177, 177f, 394, 399, 426, 742, 860 sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, 936, 937f, 948–949 vesicular, 179, 399, 961, 961f

Atropine, 143, 193 Attenuated vaccines, 333

Attenuation of transcription, 294, 300, 300f Autocrine messengers, 190, 193, 194f

Autoimmune disease, 269Automated chromogenic assay, 894 Autonomic neuropathy, 991

Autonomous secretion, 382, 383 Autophagosome, 180

Autophagy, 180, 744, 744f Autophosphorylation, 198, 199f Autosomal chromosomes, 221, 222f Avery, Oswald, 216

Axon, 955, 955f

Axon myelination, 971–972, 971f Azidothymidine (AZT), 494, 499, 500t Azithromycin, 225, 226, 275, 283, 287 Azotemia, 979

BBa

cillus subtilis, 772 Bacteria

cells of, 171, 185–186 DNA cloning in, 327, 328f DNA of, 185, 265–266, 267

DNA polymerases of, 232–233, 233f, 233t DNA synthesis in, 231–234

gene expression regulation in, 294, 296–300 genome of, 223

gram-negative, 214 gram-positive, 214

metabolic pathways of, 185–186 plasma membrane of, 171

as prokaryotes, 171, 185 promoters in, 255–256, 256f

transcription in, 251, 253, 255–258, 256f, 258f translation in, 281, 281f, 281t

viruses infecting, 215 (See also Bacteriophages) Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), 328 Bacterial toxins, 94

Bacteriophages, 215

as cloning vectors, 327

for constructing DNA library, 328 restriction enzymes and, 322 BamHI restriction enzyme, 321t

Band 3 protein, 173f, 177, 869, 879, 880f, 887 Band 4.1 protein, 879, 880f

Band 4.2 protein, 879 B-apolipoprotein gene, 599, 600f Basal laminae, 978, 978f blood–brain barrier, 956f, 957 glomerular, 991–992, 992f

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 8–9, 374 estimating or predicting, 9, 9t factors affecting, 8–9, 8t hyperthyroidism and, 9, 401

Basal (postabsorptive) state, 35, 36f Basal transcription complex, 257, 303 Basal transcription factors, 257, 257f, 303 Base excision repair, 241–242, 242f

Basement membrane (basal laminae), 978, 978f blood–brain barrier, 956f, 957glomerular, 991–992, 992f Base pairing

DNA, 213, 214, 216–218, 217f

in DNA replication, 216–218, 233–234 errors in, 234, 241–243

mismatched, 242–243, 243f RNA, 223

rRNA, 213, 225

in transcription, 216–218, 251, 252, 275 in translation, 216–218, 274, 275

Bases (chemical), 47, 50–52 conjugate, 47, 51 metabolic, 47

Bases, nitrogenous, 213. See also Base pairing DNA, 213, 215–218, 215f, 215t

free, 806, 811, 812f methylation of, 294

purine, 73, 74f, 806–811, 817. See also Purine(s) pyrimidine, 73, 74f, 806, 813–817. See also Pyrimidine(s) RNA, 213, 223, 223f

salvage of, 806, 811, 812f, 813–816, 815f synthesis of, 806–816, 918

Basic amino acids, 80, 84f, 85t Basophils, 871

normal values of, 870t production of, 881f staining properties of, 871 Bax protein, 499

B-cells, 871

antibody production by, 302–303, 303f, 310, 310f, 895 production of, 881f

B-chain, of insulin, 382, 382f Bcl-2 family of proteins, 499 in apoptosis, 357, 358–360, 359f in cancer, 360

examples of, 359t Bcr-Abl protein, 362

Bean extract, starch blockers from, 418 Becker muscular dystrophy, 174, 933 Bence-Jones proteins, 122

Benign tumors, 212, 346

Benzene, ring structure of, 63, 63f, 73 chlorinated, as environmental toxins, 75–76 Benzo[a]pyrene, 240, 240f

Benzoate metabolism, 924, 924f Benzoic acid, 762–763, 763f Beriberi, 14, 14t, 474, 781

Beriberi heart disease, 129, 143, 147t, 458, 474 Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 897, 907t

β-Adrenergic receptor, 107–108, 108f, 388, 536–537, 853–854 β-Barrel, 114, 116f

β-Blockers, 481, 963, 973 β-Carotene, 518

β-Cells of pancreas, 26, 376, 380, 381–383, 847–848 β-Globin gene, 885–889, 886f

β-Glucan, 425

β-Glucoamylase, 420tβ-Glycosidase, 420t, 421, 421f β-Hydroxybutyrate, 37, 37f, 63–65, 66f, 569, 607, 621–623, 622f alternative pathways of metabolism, 623

assays/identification of, 63, 64, 75 oxidation of, 621–622, 622f synthesis of, 621, 622f β-Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 569 β-Hydroxybutyric acid, 51t, 55 11β-Hydroxylase, 694

β-Interferon, recombinant, 334 β-Ketothiolases, 614

β-Oxidation, 375, 469, 591, 607, 608f, 613–618, 922–923 as aerobic pathway, 618

chain-length specificity in, 611t, 614, 922 energy yield of, 614, 614f

of long-chain fatty acids, 613–617, 922 of medium-chain fatty acids, 617, 922–923

of odd-chain-length fatty acids, 616–617, 616f overview of, 613f

peroxisomal, 607, 618–621, 619f, 923 regulation of, 617–618, 618f

of saturated fatty acids, 614 spiral of, 613–614

steps in, 613–614, 613f

of unsaturated fatty acids, 614–616, 615f β-Sheets, 100, 103–104, 104f

β-Thalassemia, 252, 268, 271t, 275, 287, 290t, 870, 884–885, 887 gene therapy for, 340

hemoglobin levels in, 252, 256, 261, 268, 279 hemoglobin switching in, 884–885

ineffective erythropoiesis in, 884–885 intermedia, 252, 256, 267, 268

major, 267 minor, 267

mutations in, 252, 287, 288t, 884–885 in β-thalassemia trait, 267 classification by chain, 267 heterozygosity in, 268, 287, 884, 887 homozygosity in, 267, 287, 884 nonsense, 278, 279, 288t

point, 256, 261 splice-junction, 261, 288t, 884

precursor/stem cells in, 314, 870, 884–885 β-Thromboglobulin, 896

β-Turn, 104, 104f

B form of DNA, 218, 220f Bicarbonate

digestive function of, 597, 740 in pyrimidine synthesis, 813

Bicarbonate buffer system, 47, 53–55, 53f, 55f Bidirectional replication, 231, 232f

Bile, 911

Bile acid resins, 696t Bile acids, 676

Bile canaliculus, 911, 911f Bile ducts, 911, 911f

Bile salts, 62, 72, 73f, 591, 594, 596–598action of, 596, 596f, 667, 675 7α-hydroxylase reaction and, 675–676, 675f, 676f

cholesterol as precursor of, 666 conjugation of, 676, 677f excretion of, 667

metabolism of, 676–678, 677f micelles, 25–26, 72, 594, 597–598 pancreatic lipase inhibition by, 597 primary, 678f

recycling of, 598, 598f, 676–678 secondary, 676–678, 677f, 678f structure of, 596, 596f, 678f synthesis of, 596, 667, 675–678 Biliary excretion, 910 Bilirubin, 82

accumulation of (jaundice), 436, 551, 553, 554, 563t, 595, 602, 715t conjugated, 82, 879

free, 82

glucuronide derivatives of, 544, 551–553, 879 heme degradation to, 81, 598, 877–879, 878f in hemolytic anemia, 598

in hepatitis A, 755 measuring levels of, 82

sickle cell disease and, 81, 883

Bilirubin diglucuronide, 551, 552f, 598, 879 Binding domain, 107

Binding sites, 83, 100, 101, 102 Biochemical work

activated intermediates with high-energy bonds in, 402–403, 403f additive values of Gibbs free energy changes in, 400–401 anabolic pathway of, 400

energy transformation for, 394, 400–403 substrate and product concentrations in, 401–402 Biochemistry

chemical and biologic foundations of, 45 development of discipline, 45

disease perspective in, 45

Bioenergetics, 369, 394–411. See also specific processes in ATP–ADP cycle, 4, 4f, 394–409

in biochemical work, 394, 400–403

activated intermediates with high-energy bonds in, 402–403, 403f additive values of Gibbs free energy changes in, 400–401 anabolic pathway of, 400

substrate and product concentrations in, 401–402 in mechanical work, 394, 399, 399f

in oxidative phosphorylation, 403–407, 404f in transport work, 394, 399–400

Biogenic amines, 194. See also Neurotransmitters Bioinformatics, 96, 332–333

Biologic compounds bond polarity in, 65 carbon structure of, 63

functional groups of, 62, 63–65, 64f

reactivity of, 65, 66f solubility of, 65, 66f Biosynthesis, precursors of, 3

Biosynthetic pathways, 1, 2f, 150Biotechnology, 211 Biotin, 136, 137f, 146

deficiency of, 14t

dietary requirement (RDA), 14t for gluconeogenesis, 572–573, 572f Biradical, 504, 504f, 506

Bishop, Michael, 346 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG)

in glycolysis, 438, 439f, 446, 452–453 high-energy bonds of, 403, 403f

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG), 113, 113f, 446, 869, 873 Bisphosphoglycerate shunt, 446

Bisphosphonates, 993 Bivalirudin, 906

Blast (erythrocyte), 885 Blebs, in apoptosis, 357 Blood, 870

acids in, 51t

amino acid metabolism in, 752f buffering of, 54–55, 55f composition of, 870

free amino acid pool in, 824–828, 825f metabolite measurements in, 41 osmolality of, 50

pH of, 53 plasma, 893

Blood alcohol concentration, 151, 154, 161, 164, 707 Blood–brain barrier, 844, 953, 956–958

capillary structure of, 956–957, 956f transport through, 957–958

amino acid, 957–958 glucose, 428, 429f, 957

receptor-mediated transcytosis in, 958 vitamin, 958

Blood cells, 843, 869–872. See also specific types complete blood count (CBC), 872

differentiation of, 843, 870 lineages of, 880

normal values of, 870t production of, 843, 869, 880–883

Blood clot, 843–844, 893, 897. See also Coagulation Blood gas analysis, 48

Blood glucose. See Glucose, blood (plasma) Blood glucose monitor, 75

Blood lipid profile, 25 Blood pressure cirrhosis and, 918 eicosanoids and, 638

metabolic syndrome and, 660 pheochromocytoma and, 954 sodium intake and, 18 Blood smear, 869, 870, 871

Blood transfusions, 545, 560–561, 563t

Blood typing, 175, 544, 545, 559, 560–561, 560t Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 41, 761

Blotting (blots), 319, 324, 324f, 325f

Body compositionanthropometric measurements of, 30–31 fat distribution in, 30

water percentage in, 47, 48

Body fluids, maintenance between tissues and blood, 894 Body mass index (BMI), 10, 395, 658

Body mass index (BMI) nomogram, 12f

Body temperature, and basic metabolic rate, 8–9 Bohr effect, 113–114, 113f

Bond(s). See also specific types carbon, 63–64

disulfide, 80, 86, 86f, 105, 109 glycosidic, 62, 69, 70f, 415, 416f α-1,4, in glycogen, 525, 525f, 529, 529f hydrolysis of, 415, 418

in interconversions of sugars, 550–554 high-energy, 396, 402–403, 403f

in glycolysis, 438–440, 452–454 in oxidative phosphorylation, 480

in tricarboxylic acid cycle, 403, 459, 461, 463–464 hydrogen

amino acid, 80

water as solvent and, 49, 50f water molecule, 48–49, 49f

peptide, 80, 82–83, 83f, 274, 282f, 283 phosphate, in ATP, 394, 396, 396f, 402–403

phosphodiester, 213, 213f, 217f, 220, 223, 321, 321f polar, 65, 66f

Bone marrow, hematopoiesis in, 880–883 Bowel perforation, 824

Boxes, of promoter, 253, 255 Bradycardia, fetal, 526 Brain

amino acid metabolism in, 755, 827, 834, 834f, 835f barrier (See Blood–brain barrier)

glucose metabolism in, 444, 566, 579, 582f, 953, 968 fasting state, 34, 35, 36f, 38

fed state, 27–28

glucose transport to, 428, 429f, 957, 968

ketone body usage in, 34, 38–39, 607, 624, 725t, 957, 968 lipid metabolism in, 953–954, 970–972

lipid synthesis in, 844, 970–972

lipid vs. protein composition of, 971, 972t metabolism of, 38t, 953–954 (See also specific types) oxygen demand in, 953, 968

purine biosynthesis in, 807, 811

Brain metastases, from lung cancer, 345, 363

Branched-chain amino acid(s) (BCAAs), 83, 84f, 823. See also Isoleucine; Leucine; Valine

conversion to glutamine, 830–832, 831f degradation of, 780–781, 780f disorders of, 786t

gut metabolism of, 832, 833f hepatic metabolism of, 925–926 after high-protein meal, 835–836 hypercatabolic state, 836

oxidation in skeletal muscle, 823, 825, 827, 830, 831f, 941, 947 principles governing interorgan flux, 827–828

Branched-chain amino acid α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex, 464, 464f, 786tBranched-chain fatty acids, oxidation of, 607, 620, 620f

Branching enzyme, in glycogen synthesis, 525, 528f, 529 BRCA1/BRCA2 genes, 247, 248t, 349, 363–364

Breast cancer

BRCA1/BRCA2 genes in, 247, 248t, 349, 363–364 deaths from, 361, 361f

DNA repair disorders in, 247, 248t HER2 expression in, 349 poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 in, 364 proto-oncogene amplification in, 348 Breathalyzer, 151

BRE promoter, 255–256, 256f Brilinta (ticagrelor), 906