Крючков Фундаменталс оф Нуцлеар Материалс Пхысицал Протецтион 2011
.pdfDEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE
OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
NATIONAL RESEARCH NUCLEAR UNIVERSITY “MEPhI”
FUNDAMENTALS OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS PHYSICAL PROTECTION, CONTROL AND ACCOUNTABILITY
Edited by E.F. Kryuchkov
Recommended by Educational and Methodological Association “Nuclear Physics and Technology”
as a textbook for higher school students
Moscow 2011
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UDK 621.039.53(075)
BBK 31.46ya7
A13
Accounting, control and physical protection of nuclear material:
Textbook/Edited by E.F. Kryuchkov. M.: NRNU “MEPhI” , 2011. – 487 p. Authors: A.V. Bushuev, V.B. Glebov, N.I. Geraskin, A.V. Izmaylov,
E.F. Kryuchkov, V.V. Kondakov.
This textbook makes a systematic presentation of essential information on nuclear material accounting, control and physical protection (NM AC&PP). Its first part deals with the objectives of and conditions for NM AC&PP development in the context of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons and contains an overview of the relevant legal framework and key regulatory documents. In its second part, the book describes the basic features of today’s NM accounting and control (NM A&C) systems and their components. Considerable attention is given to issues associated with computerization of A&C operations. The third part is devoted to physical protection of nuclear materials and facilities.
The book is intended for students reading Safety and Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Materials (as part of Nuclear Physics and Technology) and specializing for their master’s degree in Physical Protection, Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials (as part of Engineering Physics). It may be useful for senior students and postgraduates in their studies of nuclear material accounting and control systems.
English version of this textbook was prepared in the framework of the supplemental budget 159 of Responsible Science Program of International science and technology center.
Reviewers: Pshakin G.M., Ph.D., Associate Professor, Obninsk Institute of Nuclear Power Engineering,
Isaev N.V., Head of Department, All-Russian R&D Institute of Automatics
ISBN 978-5–7262-1582-2 © National Research Nuclear University
“MEPhI” (Moscow Engineering Physics
Institute), 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
FOREWORD...................................................................................... |
7 |
Part I. Nuclear non-proliferation. Nuclear material accounting, |
|
control and physical protection (NM AC&PP) systems, |
|
their purposes and cinditions for development ........................ |
9 |
Chapter 1. The problem of non-proliferation ................................... |
10 |
1.1. Non-proliferation concept. International |
|
non-proliferation regime ........................................................ |
10 |
1.2. Some current problems of non-proliferation .......................... |
14 |
Chapter 2. Main technologies of the present-day |
|
nuclear fuel cycle and their significance for |
|
the non-proliferartion regime.......................................... |
20 |
Chapter 3. Iuternational non-proliferation safeguards...................... |
59 |
3.1. IAEA activities ....................................................................... |
59 |
3.2. Export control system ............................................................. |
84 |
Chapter 4. National no-nproliferation safeguards. Special |
|
management of nuclear materials and its aspects ........... |
90 |
Chapter 5. Regulations and laws as a foundation for |
|
development and operation of AC&PP systems |
|
in the Russian Federation ............................................... |
96 |
5.1. Legal framework of the AC&PP activities ............................. |
96 |
5.2. Regulatory framework for accounting, control and |
|
physical protection of nuclear materials .............................. |
103 |
Chapter 6. Human factor in nuclear material accounting, |
|
control and physical protection. AC&PP culture .......... |
112 |
6.1. Present-day threats to safe management |
|
of nuclear materials and systems of counteraction .............. |
112 |
6.2. The concept of nuclear safety culture ................................... |
113 |
6.3. Development of the NM AC&PP culture............................. |
114 |
Part II. Nuclear material accounting and control systems .............. |
118 |
Chapter 1. State system of accounting for and control |
|
of nuclear material (SSAC) ........................................... |
119 |
1.1. Objectives, tasks and structure of the SSAC ........................ |
119 |
1.2. Operator-level accounting of NM......................................... |
123 |
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1.3. Evolution of nuclear material accounting systems ............... |
125 |
Chapter 2. Basic concepts of the measured nuclear material |
|
balance system .............................................................. |
128 |
2.1. Basis for categorization of NM............................................. |
128 |
2.2. Forms of nuclear material. Batch of nuclear material .......... |
136 |
2.3. Material balance area (MBA). Organization of |
|
accounting and control of NM in MBAs............................... |
137 |
Chapter 3. Information systems of NM accounting........................ |
144 |
3.1. Tasks of NM accounting information systems ..................... |
144 |
3.2.Basic requirements to NM accounting information systems 144
3.3.Enterprise-level structure of NM accounting
information systems ............................................................. |
145 |
3.4. Transaction as the key component of electronic |
|
NM logging .......................................................................... |
148 |
3.5. Federal automated NM accounting and control system ....... |
151 |
Chapter 4. Statistical basis of NM accouting and control .............. |
154 |
4.1. Basic determination and reduction concepts |
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of probability theory and statistics ....................................... |
155 |
4.2. Basic statistical requirements to NM A&C systems ............ |
174 |
4.3. Errors, their models and sources........................................... |
180 |
4.4. Tests of hypotheses and sampling studies ............................ |
193 |
4.5. Control and assurance of measurement quality .................... |
209 |
Chapter 5. Measurements of nuclear material |
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for accounting and control thereof ................................ |
220 |
5.1. Basic concepts of NM measurements................................... |
220 |
5.2. Nondestructive NM assay techniques. |
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Calibration and standards ...................................................... |
226 |
5.3. Destructive analyses ............................................................. |
268 |
5.4. Combined use of NM measurement techniques ................... |
280 |
Chapter 6. Main accountancy procedures....................................... |
283 |
6.1. NM transfer procedures ........................................................ |
283 |
6.2. Physical inventory taking and balance of NM...................... |
286 |
Chapter 7. Computerized NM accounting and control systems ..... |
304 |
7.1. Industry-standard requirements to NM A&C systems ......... |
304 |
7.2. Architecture of computerized NM accounting systems........ |
307 |
7.3. Base software........................................................................ |
313 |
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7.4. Applied software................................................................... |
336 |
7.5. Development of computerized NM A&C systems............... |
364 |
Chapter 8. Iinformation security of computerized |
|
NM A&C systems ......................................................... |
376 |
8.1. Secure information processing systems................................ |
376 |
8.2. Information protection in accounting and control |
|
of nuclear material................................................................. |
377 |
8.3. Threats to information security and countermeasures .......... |
380 |
8.4. Standards on information security |
|
in automated NM A&C systems .......................................... |
382 |
8.5. Effects of the Federal Technical Regulation Law |
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on IT security......................................................................... |
401 |
8.6. Reliability of computerized NM A&C systems |
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and backup of information .................................................... |
403 |
Chapter 9. Automation of NM accounting ..................................... |
408 |
9.1. Use of barcode technology for identification of NM............ |
408 |
9.2. Automation of NM measurements........................................ |
418 |
9.3. Systems approach to construction of enterprise |
|
NM A&C systems ................................................................ |
419 |
Chapter 10. Control of nuclear material ......................................... |
422 |
10.1. NM control at enterprises ................................................... |
422 |
10.2. Intrastate and international control of NM ......................... |
431 |
Part III. Phycical protection of nuclear material |
|
and nuclear facilities .......................................................... |
432 |
Chapter 1. General description of the objective |
|
of physical protection .................................................... |
433 |
Chapter 2. Regulatory and legal framework |
|
of physical protection .................................................... |
436 |
Chapter 3. Structure and components of the physical |
|
protection system (PPS) ................................................ |
438 |
Chapter 4. General description of the PPS subsystems .................. |
441 |
4.1. Engineered physical protection features ............................... |
441 |
4.2. Physical barriers and organizational subsystem of the PPS . 446 |
|
Chapter 5. General concepts of the PPS design.............................. |
449 |
Chapter 6. PPS creation (perfection) process. Stages and phases .. |
454 |
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Chapter 7. |
NI vulnerability analysis ............................................... |
457 |
Chapter 8. |
PPS efficiency assesment.............................................. |
463 |
Chapter 9. |
PPS interactions with the NM accounting |
|
|
and control system......................................................... |
474 |
INDEX ............................................................................................ |
|
477 |
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FOREWORD
This book provides systematic explanation of the principles of Accounting, Control and Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials (NM AC&PP) and may serve as a teaching aid and a methodological guide to support instruction in discipline 140309 “Security and Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Materials”. The book consists of three part s. Part 1 deals with the objectives and conditions of developing NM AC&PP systems in the context of non-proliferation. Analysis of the main processes, of nuclear material forms and flows in a nuclear fuel cycle, is basic to studying the possible methods and procedures of NM AC&PP. Part 1 will also give an overview of the associated legal framework and key regulatory documents. It addresses the international safeguards and their interfaces with national non-proliferation programs. Basic knowledge is provided concerning the program for developing the national non-proliferation safeguards system in Russia and its foundation, to wit – accounting, con trol and physical protection of nuclear materials. Special consideration is given to the approach of safeguards categorization and to the concept of NM protection in depth. The objectives and forms of integrated accounting, control and physical protection are discussed.
Part 2 of this teaching aid deals with the principles designed into modern systems of NP accounting and control (A&CS). It addresses two levels of this system: federal and operational. This book highlights the notions basic to the modern material balance measurement system and identifies the A&CS components at the facility level. The statistical nature of nuclear material data is demonstrated. As the discussion proceeds, the key terms are introduced, defined and explained using examples for illustration, and the A&CS components are described. Considerable attention is given to the issues related to automation of accounting and control operations.
Part 3 gives a brief account of physical protection as applied to nuclear materials and installations.
This teaching aid will be helpful not only to those who are studying the subjects of security and non-proliferation of nuclear materials, but also to all higher school students receiving instruction in disciplines related to nuclear engineering, as well as to all those who seek basic knowledge of safe management of nuclear materials.
The authors extend their sincere gratitude to A.N. Rumyantsev, V.M. Shmelyov, V.A. Apse, A.N. Shmelyov, and E.V. Petrova for their help,
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valuable suggestions and profound comments. The authors are also appreciative of the help given by G.A. Bobrova and G.G. Kulikov in preparing the typescript of this book for publication.
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Part I
NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION. NUCLEAR MATERIAL ACCOUNTING, CONTROL AND PHYSICAL PROTECTION (NM AC&PP) SYSTEMS, THEIR PURPOSES AND CONDITIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
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CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM OF NON-PROLIFERATION
1.1. Non-proliferation concept. International non-proliferation regime
The idea of safe nuclear material management underlies all nuclear energy uses, including nuclear power. This idea is basic to international agreements and national laws, such as the Law on the Use of Atomic Energy adopted in our country in 1995. In the eyes of the general public, nuclear materials are safe if they are used under control and exclusively for peaceful purposes.
It is essential to have the term ‘nuclear materials’ clearly defined for subsequent applications. To this end, we shall rely on the terminology found in the nuclear energy law, where three main types of materials are identified:
∙nuclear material (NM), which contains fissionable material or is capable of breeding it (e.g., uranium–238);
∙radioactive material (RM), which emits ionizing radiation (excepting NM);
∙radioactive waste (RW), i.e. NM + RM, which is not intended for subsequent use (e.g., material resulting from reprocessing of irradiated fuel).
It is the first type of materials that is of interest for the purpose of this book. Russia has a clear-cut list of nuclear materials, which will be addressed at length in chapters to follow.
There is a certain contradiction associated with nuclear materials: on the one hand, nuclear power is gaining ground worldwide and, on the other hand, spread of nuclear materials has to be kept under control considering the potential hazard of their use for production of nuclear weapons (NW). This contradictory feature of NM lies at the root of the so-called nonproliferation problem [1–3]. The threat of NW proli feration is countered by international and national safeguards and export control systems.
The USA and the USSR were the first countries to develop their nuclear potential first for military purposes and then for energy generation. The ranks of the nuclear-weapons states have been expanding since the early 1960s. In 1960, France carried out its first test, followed by China in 1964. Some industrial countries made progress with development of nuclear technologies to an extent where they could produce nuclear weapons. Construction of nuclear power facilities was in full swing.
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