Утевская Н.Л. - English Grammar Book - 2011
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APPENDIX 4
Spelling
Nouns, verbs, and adjectives сап have the following ending:
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noun + sjes (plural} |
books |
ideas |
matches |
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verb + sjes (after he/shejit) |
works |
enjoys |
washes |
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verb + ing |
working |
enjoying |
washing |
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verb + ed |
worked |
enjoyed |
washed |
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adjective + er (comparative) |
cheaper |
quicker |
brighter |
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adjective + est {superlative) |
cheapest |
quickest |
brightest |
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adjective +/у {adverb} |
cheaply |
quickly |
brightly |
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When we use these endings, tl1ere are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed below.
Vowels and consonants а е i о u are vowel letters
The other letters (Ь с d f etc) are consonaпts.
1.Nouns and verbs + -sj-es
The ending is -es when the word ends in -sj-ssj-shj-chj-x:
matghfmat.Q.t}es |
Ьщ~/Ьщ~еs |
bo&~bot;es |
washjwashes |
missjmisses |
searchjsearches |
Note also: |
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potatQ/potatQes |
tomatQ/tomatQes |
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dQ/dQes |
gQ/gQes |
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2.Words ending in -у {ЬаЬу, carry, easy etc)
lf а word ends in а consonant +у (-byj-ryj-sy etc)
-у changes to -ie before -s: |
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baby/bables |
family/families |
countryjcountries |
try/tries |
hurry/hurries |
studyjstudies |
applyjapplies |
secretaryjsecretaries |
-у changes to -i before -ed: |
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hurryjhurried |
studyjstudied |
apply/applied |
try/tried |
-у changes to -i before -er and -est:
easyjeasierjeasiest heavy/heavier/heaviest lucky/luckier/luckiest
-у changes to -i before -/у:
easyjeasily heavy/heavily temporaryjtemporarily
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-у does not change before -ing: |
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hurrying |
studying |
applying |
trying |
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-у does not change if the word ends in а vowel +у ( -ay-eyj-oyj-uy): |
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playfplays/played |
enjoyjenjoys;enjoyed |
monkeyjmonkeys |
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Exception: |
dayjdaily |
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Not also: |
payjpaid |
lay/laid |
sayjsaid |
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3.Verbs ending in -ie (die, iie, tie)
lf а verb ends in -ie, -ie changes to -у before -ing: lie/lying die/dying tie/tying
4.Words ending in -е (smoke, hope, wide etc)
VERBS
lf а verb ends in -е, we leave out -е before -ing:
smoke/smoking hope/hoping dancejdancing confusejconfusing
Exceptions: befbeing |
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verbs ending in -ее: |
see;seeing agreejagreeing |
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lf а verb ends in -е, we add -d for the past (of regular verbs): |
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smoke/smoked |
hopejhoped |
dancejdanced |
confuse;confused |
ADJECТIVES and ADVERBS
lf an adjective ends in -е, we add -r and -st for the comparative and superlative: widejwider/widest latejlater/latest large/larger/largest
lf an adjective ends in -е, we keep -е before the adverb ending -/у: polite/politely extreme;extremely absolute/absolutely
lf an adjective ends in -/е (terrible, probable etc), we leave out -е and add -у for the adve1·b:
terriblejterribly probablejprobably reasonable/reasonably
5.DouЬiing consonants (stop/stoppingjstopped, hotjhotterjhottest etc). Sometimes а verb or an adjective ends in consonantvowelconsonant. For example:
stop plan rob hot thin wet prefer begiп
We double the final consonant (-рр, -nn etc) of these words before -ing, -ed, -er and
-est: |
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stop/stoppingjstopped |
plan/planning/planned |
roь;robblngjrobbed |
hotjhotter/hottest |
thin/thinner/thinnest |
wet;wetter;wettest |
lf the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin etc) we douЬie that final consonant only if the final syllable is stressed:
prefer/preferringjprefe rring/preferred regret;regrettingjregretted
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lf the final syllaЫe is not stressed, we do not douЬie the final consonant: visitjvisitingjvisited developjdevelopingjdeveloped listen/listeningjlistened rememberjrememberingjremembered
Exceptions: ln British English verbs ending in -/ have -11 before -ing and -ed (whether the final syllaЬie is stressed or not):
traveljtravellingjtravelled canceljcancellingjcancelled
We do not douЬie the final consonant if there are two vowelletters before it (-oil, -ed, -ain etc):
boiljboi lingjboiled |
needjneedingjneeded |
explain/explainingj |
cheapjcheaperjcheapest |
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explained |
loudjlouderjloud est |
quietjquieterjquietest |
Note that we do not double -у or -w at the end of words. (At the end of words -у and -w are not consonants; they are part of the vowel sound.):
stayjstayingjstayed growjgrowing newjnewerjnewest
APPENDIX 5
Numbers
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Cardinal |
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Ordinal |
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1 |
one |
1 st |
the first |
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2 |
two |
2nd |
the second |
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3 |
three |
3rd |
the third |
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4 |
four |
4th |
the fourth |
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5 |
five |
5th |
the fifth |
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6 |
six |
6th |
the sixth |
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7 |
seven |
7th |
the seventh |
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8 |
eight |
8th |
the eighth |
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9 |
nine |
9th |
the ninth |
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10 |
ten |
10th |
the tenth |
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11 |
eleven |
11 th |
the eleventh |
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12 |
twelve |
12th |
the twelfth |
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13 |
thirteen |
13th |
the thirteenth |
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14 |
fourteen |
14th |
fourteenth |
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15 |
fifteen |
15th |
the fifteenth |
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16 |
sixteen |
16th |
the sixteenth |
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17 |
seventeen |
17th |
tl1e seventeenth |
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18 |
eighteen |
18th |
the eighteenth |
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19 |
nineteen |
19th |
the nineteenth |
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20 |
twenty |
20th |
the twentieth |
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21 |
twenty-one |
21th |
the twenty-first |
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22 |
twenty-two |
22 nd |
the twenty-second |
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23 |
twenty-three |
23 rd |
the twenty-third |
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30 |
thirty |
30th |
the thirtieth |
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40 |
forty |
40th |
the fortieth |
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50 |
fifty |
50th |
the fiftieth |
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60 |
sixty |
60th |
the sixtieth |
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70 |
seventy |
70th |
the seventieth |
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80 |
eighty |
80th |
the eightieth |
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90 |
ninety |
90th |
the ninetieth |
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100 |
a;one hundred |
100 th |
the hundredth |
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152 |
one hundred and fifty-two |
152nd one hundred and fifty second |
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1000 |
a;one thousand |
1000 th |
the thousandth |
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2,174 |
two thousand one hundred |
2,174 th |
two thousand one hundred |
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and seventy-four |
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and seventy-fourth |
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3,063 |
three thousand |
3,063 rd |
three thousand and sixty-third |
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and sixty-three |
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10000 |
ten thousaпd |
10 000 th |
ten thousandth |
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100 000 |
a;one hundred thousand |
100 000 th |
one hundred thousandth |
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1 000 000 |
a;one million |
1 000 000 th |
the millionth |
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Common Fractions |
Decimal Fraction |
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с, |
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1/8 |
an;one eighth |
0.25 |
nought point two five |
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с, |
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1/4 |
a;one quarter |
0.33 |
nought point three three |
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1/3 |
a;one third |
0.5 |
nought point five |
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1/2 |
a;one half |
О.75 |
nought point seven five |
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:Е |
3/4 |
three-quarters |
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< |
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Collective Numbers |
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(.;:) |
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6 |
а half dozen/half а dozen |
20 |
a;one score |
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'Л |
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12 |
a;one dozen |
144 a;one gross [gr~us] гросс |
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(24 is two dozen) |
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(12дюжин) |
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""TimeofDay
Great Britain (GB) |
United States (US) |
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7.00 seven o'clockjsevenam or seven pm |
After is usual where GB has past: |
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8.15 |
а quarter past eight-eight fifteen |
5. 1О ten after five |
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9.45 |
а quarter to ten-nine forty-five |
5.15 |
а quarter after five |
4.30 |
half past four;tour thirty (informal) half four |
9.30 |
nine thirty is more usual |
5.10 |
ten (minutes) past five/five ten |
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than half past nine |
6.25 |
twenty-five (minutes) past six/five and |
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twenty past six/six twenty-five |
Of is common where GB has to: |
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6.35 |
twenty-five (minutes) to seven/five and |
7.45 |
а quarter of eight |
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twenty (minutes) to seven/six thirty-five |
7.55 |
five of eight |
5.40 |
twenty (minutes) to six/five forty |
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3.50 |
ten (minutes) to four/three fifty |
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7.55five (minutes) to eight/seven fifty-five
9.57three minutes to tenjnine fifty-seven
2.03three minutes past twojtwo of three
Twenty-Four Hour Clock
07.00(Oh) seven hundred hours = 7.00 am
12.00twelve hundred hours =middayjnoon
13.45thirteen forty-five = 1.45 pm
19.00nineteen hundred hours =7.00 pm
24.00twenty-four hundred hours = midnight
Dates
GB
3(rd) January 1995, often abbreviated to 3 Jan. '95or 3/1/95
us
January3(rd) 1995, orJan. 3, 1995, or 1/3/95
APPENDIX 6
Prepositional Phrases
against |
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against the law |
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against documents |
ahead |
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ahead of time |
at |
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at the age (of) |
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at the beginning |
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at all costs |
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at dinner (supper, tea) |
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at somebody'sdisposal |
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at the end |
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at the expense (of) |
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at first |
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at the head (of) |
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at home |
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at least |
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at last |
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at (the) latest |
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at а low (high) price |
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at (the) most |
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at night |
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at one'soption |
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at once |
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at the rate (of) |
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at any rate |
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at the request (of) |
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at first sight |
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at а speed (of) |
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at а time |
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at this (that, the same) time |
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at the top of one'svoice |
before |
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before long |
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before now |
behind |
1 |
behind time |
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behind the times |
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behind one'sback |
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behind somebody |
beyond |
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beyond belief |
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beyond douЬt |
nротив закона
nротив (на основании) документов
досрочно
ввозрасте
вначале
любой ценой за обедом (ужином, чаем)
врасnоряжении кого-либо
вконце
за счет (кого-л.)
сперва, сначала
во главе (чего-л.)
дома
по крайней мере
наконец
самое позднее
по низкой (высокой) цене самое большее
ночью
по выбору (кого-л.)
сразу, немедленно
в размере
во всяком случае
по просьбе (кого-л.)
с первого взгляда
со скоростью (в)
за один раз, одновременно
в это (то, то же самое) время
во весь голос
скоро, вскоре
раньше, до сих пор
опаздывать
отставать от жизни
за спиной кого-л. (тайком)
отставать от кого-л.
невероятно
вне сомнения
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beyond hope |
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оbeyond one'sexpectations
с:) |
beyond one'sstrength (power) |
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х |
beyond one'sunderstanding |
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beyond me |
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2 |
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2
<Ьу Ьу accident
х |
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Ьу chance |
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(.; |
1 |
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Ьу day (night) |
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VJ |
1 |
Ьу the day (the week) |
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Ьу heart |
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....) |
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Ьу land (sea, air) |
~1 Ьу (electric) light
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Ьу means of |
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Ьу all means |
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byno means |
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Ьу mistake |
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Ьу retail (wholesale) |
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Ьу traiп (tram, bus, ship) |
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Ьу the way (Ьу the Ьу) |
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Ьу the weight (the litre, |
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the kilogram) |
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for |
1 |
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for ever |
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for instance |
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for example |
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for the time beiпg |
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foryears |
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for this purpose |
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for а time |
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for the first (last) time |
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forgood |
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for а while |
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from |
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1 |
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from (the) beginniпg |
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to (the) end |
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from day to day |
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from time to time |
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from side to side
from my (his) point of view from the very first frommemory
безнадежно
сверх ожиданий кого-л.
сверх сил кого-л.
сверх понимания кого-л.
выше моего понимания
случайно, нечаянно случайно
днем, ночью
поденно(понедельно)
наизусть
сухим (морским, воздушным) путем при (электрическом) свете
посредством
во что бы то ни стало
ни в коем случае
по ошибке
в розницу (оптом)
поездом(трамваем,автобусом,пароходом)
между прочим
на вес (литры, килограммы)
навсегда
например
внастоящее время
втечение многих лет
с этой целью
втечение некоторого времени
впервый (последний) раз
навсегда
на некоторое время
с начала до конца
со дня на день время от времени
из стороны в сторону
смоей (его) точки зрения
ссамого начала
по памяти
in |
1 iп the aftirmative |
утвердительно (отрицательно) |
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(the negative) |
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in апу case |
во всяком случае |
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in the circumstaпces |
при данных обстоятельствах |
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in order (disorder) |
в порядке (беспорядке) |
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in part |
частично |
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in conclusion |
в заключение |
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in the country |
за городом |
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in the direction (of) |
по направлению (к) |
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in demand |
в спросе |
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in due course |
своевременно |
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in the east (west, south, north) |
на востоке (западе, юге, севере) |
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in full |
полностью |
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in general |
вообще |
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in somebody'sinterest(s) |
в чьих-либо интересах |
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in the long run |
В КОНЦе КОНЦОВ |
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in а loud (calm) voice |
громким (спокойным) голосом |
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in the meantime |
тем временем |
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in the open air |
на открытом воздухе |
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in one'sopinion |
по мнению кого-л. |
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in (at) one'soption |
по выбору кого-л. |
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in pencil |
карандашом |
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in question |
о котором идет речь ( Here is the book |
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in question. Вот книга, о которой идет |
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речь.) |
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in return |
взамен |
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in sight |
в поле зрения |
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in sofar as |
поскольку |
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in stock |
на складе |
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in store |
в запасе, про заnас |
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in the sun |
на солнце |
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in time |
вовремя |
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in vain |
напрасно, тщетно |
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in а way |
в некотором отношении |
on |
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1 on the advice (suggestion) of |
по совету (предложению) кого-л. |
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on an (the) average |
в среднем |
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оп behalf of |
от имени кого-л. |
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on business |
по делу |
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оп board а (the) ship |
на борту судна |
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on condition that |
nри условии, что |
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on the contrary |
наоборот |
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оп credit |
в кредит |
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on demand |
по требованию |
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on foot |
пешком |
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on the initiative of |
по инициативе кого-л. |
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on land |
на суше |
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on the part of |
со стороны кого-л. |
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on purpose |
нарочно |
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on the right (left) hand side |
справа (слева) |
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on sale |
в продаже |
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on а large scale |
в большом масштабе |
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оп sea |
на море |
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оп the way |
по дороге, по nути |
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on the ground that |
на том основании что |
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оп the one (other) hand |
одной (другой) стороны |
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on the whole |
в общем |
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out of |
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out of danger |
вне оnасности |
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out of date |
устарелый |
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outofdoors |
на улице |
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out of necessity |
по необходимости |
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out of pity (envy) |
из жалости (зависти) |
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outof order |
не в nорядке |
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out of use |
не в употреблении |
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out ofwork |
без работы |
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to |
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to the amount (of) |
на сумму (в) |
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to my (his) disappointment |
к моему (его) разочарованию |
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(sorrow, joy) |
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(горю, радости) |
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to the end |
до конца |
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to some extent |
до некоторой степени |
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to the north, south, west, |
к северу, югу, заnаду, востоку (от) |
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east (of) |
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to the right (left) |
наnраво(налево) |
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with |
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with regard to |
относительно, что касается |
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with а view to (+ing form) |
с целью, намерением |
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within |
1 |
within а week |
в течение недели |
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within reach (sight, hearing) |
в пределах достижимости |
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(видимости, слышимости) |
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without |
1 |
without douЫ |
несомненно |
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without fail |
непременно, обязательно |
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without notice |
безпредупреждения |
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without the knowledge (of) |
без ведома (кого-л.) |
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APPENDIX 7 |
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Linking Words/Phrases |
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Personal opinion |
1n ту opinionjview1 То ту тind1 То ту way of thinking 11 ат |
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convinced that j lt strikes те that j lt is ту firт belief that j |
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1ат inclined to believe that j 1t seeтs to те that 1 As far as |
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1am concerned j 1think that she is тakiпg а тistake. |
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То list advantages |
Оле advantage of j Another advantage of 1 One other |
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and disadvantages |
advantage of 1 А further advantage of j The тain advantage |
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of j The greatest advantage of j The first advantage of usiпg |
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the iпternet is the ease wit/1 which we сап get iпforтatioп. |
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Опе disadvaпtage of1 Aпother disadvaпtage of j Оле other |
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disadvantage of 1 The greatest disadvantage of 1 The first |
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disadvantage of usiпg the iпternet is the атоипt of поt |
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iтportaпt iпforтatioп which slows dowп апу search. |
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То list points |
Firstly j First of а/1 j 1n the first р1асе j Second1y j Third1y 1 |
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Finally jTo startjbegin with, you've got to adтit that he is doiпg |
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his best. |
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То list points in а |
Beginning- First /То startjbegin with j First of all, he haпded |
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specific sequence |
те the letter. |
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Continuing - Secondly1 After thisjthat j Afterwards j Then j |
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Next, they haпded iп their test papers to the ехатiпеr. |
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Concluding - Finally1 Last1y1 Last but not least the fiпalprize |
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was decided. |
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То add more points |
What is more j Furthermore 1 Apart from thisjthat1 ln addition |
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to the same topic |
(to this) j Moreover j Besides (this) .•• not to mention the |
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fact that techпological chaпge has таdе great iпflueпce оп |
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соттипiсаtiоп. |
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Not only has techпological chaпge таdе great iпflueпce оп |
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соттипiсаtiоп, but it will a/so greatly iпflueпce the way we act |
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оп each other. Techпo/ogical chaпge is both haviпg great |
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iпflueпce оп соттипiсаtiоп and is soтethiпg that wi/1 iпflueпce |
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the way we act оп each other. |
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То refer to other |
With reference to j According to receпt data, the effects of |
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sources |
global warтiпg wi/1 Ье evideпt withiп the пехt tеп years. |
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То express cause |
The тап was coпvicted yesterday because j owing to the fact |
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that j due to the fact that 1 оп the grounds that 1 since 1 as |
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there was enough evidence linking hiт to the criтe. |
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