Утевская Н.Л. - English Grammar Book - 2011
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APPENDIX 1
Summary of Tenses
Present Simple |
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PastSimple |
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Affirmative |
Negative |
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Affirmative |
Negat~--- |
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lwork |
1don'twork |
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1worked |
1 didn'twork |
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Youwork |
You don'twork |
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You worked |
You didn'twork |
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Не works |
Не doesn'twork etc. |
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Не worked |
Не didn'twork etc. |
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She works |
lnter·rogative |
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She worked |
lnterrogative |
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ltworks |
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ltworked |
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We work |
Do 1work? |
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We worked |
Did 1work? |
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Youwork |
Do you work? |
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You worked |
Did you work? |
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Theywork |
Does he work? etc. |
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Theyworked |
Did he work? etc. |
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Future Simple |
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Affirmative |
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Nega.:::ti:.::.v-=e____ |
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1 shalljwill work |
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1 shan't/won'twork |
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You will work |
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You won'twork |
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Не will work |
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Не won'twork etc. |
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She will work |
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lnterrogative |
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ltwill work |
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We shalljwill work |
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ShalljWill 1 work? |
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You will work |
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Will you work? |
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Theywill work |
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Will he work? etc. |
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Present Continuous |
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Affirmative |
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Negative |
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1amworking |
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l'mnotworking |
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You are working |
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You aren'tworking |
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Не is working |
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Не isn'tworking etc. |
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She is working |
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lnterrogative |
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lt is working |
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We are working |
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Am 1working? |
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You are working |
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Are you working? |
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They are working |
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ls f1e working? etc. |
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410
Past Continuous
Affirmative |
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Negative |
1was working |
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1wasn'tworking |
You were working |
You weren'tworking |
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Не was working |
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Не wasn'tworking etc. |
She was working |
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lnterrogative |
lt was working |
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We were working |
Was 1working? |
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You were working |
Were you working? |
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They were working |
Was he working? etc. |
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Future Continuous |
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Affirmative
1shall/will Ье working You will Ье working Не will Ье working She will Ье working lt will Ье working
We shall/will Ье working You will Ье working They will Ье working
Negative
1shan't/won'tЬе working You won'tЬе working
Не won'tЬе working etc.
lnterrogative
Shaii/Will 1Ье working? Wi\1 you
Will he Ье working? etc.
Present Perfect
Affirmative
1have worked You have worked Не has worked She has worked lt has worked We have worked You have worked
They have worked
Negative
1haven'tworked You haven'tworked
Не hasn'tworked etc.
lnterrogative
Have 1worked? Have you worked? Has he worked? etc.
Past Perfect
Affirmative |
Negative |
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1hadworked |
1tшdn't worked |
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You had worked |
You hadn 'tworked |
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Не had worked |
Не hadn'tworked etc. |
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She had worked |
lnterrogative |
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lt had worked |
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We had worked |
Had 1worked? |
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You had worked |
Had you worked? |
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They had worked |
Had he worked? etc. |
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::.::: Future Perfect
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о Affirmative
IXI
::::1shalljwill have worked
·< |
You will have worked |
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_:?.; |
Не will have worked |
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She will have worked |
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< |
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cr: |
lt will have worked |
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........ |
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We shalljwill have worked |
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:::: |
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You will have worked |
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~ |
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-i |
They will have worked |
о
z
~Present Perfect Continuous
Affirmative
1have been working You have been working Не has been working She has been working lt has been working We have been working You have been working
They have been working
Past Perfect Continuous
Affirmative
1had been working You had been working Не had been working She had been working lt had been working We had been working You had been working They had been working
Future Perfect Continuous
Affirmative
1shalljwill have been working You will have been working Не will have been working She will have been working
lt will have been working
We shalljwill have been working You will have been working They will have been working
Negative
1shan'tjwon'thave worked You won'thave worked
Не won'thave worked etc.
lnterrogative
Shaii/Will 1have worked? Will you have worked? Will he have worked? etc.
Negative
1haven'tbeen working You haven'tbeen working
Не hasn'tbeen working etc.
lnterrogative
Have 1been working? Have you been working? Has he been working? etc.
Negative
1hadn'tbeen working You hadn'tbeen working
Не hadn'tbeen working etc.
lnterrogative
Had 1been working? Had you been working?
Had he been working? etc.
Negative
1shan'tjwon'thave been working You won'thave been working
Не won'thave been working etc.
lnterrogative
ShalljWill 1have been working? Will you have been working? Will he have been working? etc.
APPENDIX 2
Short Forms
ln spoken English we usually say "l'mjyou'vejdidn't"(=1 amjyou havejdid not) etc. We also use these short forms in informal written English (for example, in letters to friends). When we write short forms, we use an apostrophe (')for the missing letter or letters:
/'т= 1aтyou've =you have didn't = did not |
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Sl1ort forms of auxiliary verbs (amjisjarejhavejhasjhadjwill/shalljwould): |
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'm=am |
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l'm |
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's= is or has |
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he's |
she's |
it's |
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're=are |
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you're |
we're |
they're |
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've= have |
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l've |
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you've |
we've |
they've |
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'11= will or shall |
1'11 |
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he'll |
she'll |
it'll |
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you'll |
we'll |
they'll |
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'd=would or had |
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l'd |
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he'd |
she'd |
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you'd |
we'd |
they'd |
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'scan Ье is or·has:
He's sick. (=Не is sick.)
He's gone away. (=Не has gone away.)
'dcan Ье would or had:
l'd see а doctor if 1were you. (= 1would see) l'd never seen her before. (= 1had never seen)
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who's |
what's |
where's |
that's |
there's |
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who'll |
what'll |
when's |
that'll |
there'll |
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who'd |
how's |
here's |
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Who's that girl over there? (= wlю is) What's happened? (= what has)
1 think there'/1 Ье а lot of people at the party. (= tt1ere wi/1)
Sometimes we use short forms (especially's)after а noun:
John's going out tonight. (= John is going)
Му friend's just got married. (= Му frieпd has just got)
You cannot use tt1ese short forms ('mj'sj'veetc) at the end of а sentence (because the verb is stressed in this position):
"Are you tired?" "Yes, 1ат. " ( Not "Yes, /'т.")
"Do you know where he is?" (Not "Do you kпow where he's?")
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Short forms of auxiliary verbs + not (isn't/didn'tetc): |
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isn't(= is not) aren't(= are not) wasn't(= was not) weren't(= were not) don't(= do not) doesn't(= does not) didn't(= did not)
haven't(= have not) hasn't(= has not) hadn't(= had not) can't(= cannot) couldn't(= could not) won't(= will not) shan't(= shall not)
wouldn't(= would not) shouldn't(= should not) mightn't(= might not) mustn't(= must not) needn't(= need not) daren't(= dare not)
_J |
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2 |
Note that you can say: |
or |
he'snotjshe'snotjit'snot |
"'" |
he isn't/sheisn't/itisn't |
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you aren'tjwearen't |
or |
you 'renotjwe'renot/ they'renot |
APPENDIX 3
lrregular Verbs
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lnfinitive |
PastSimple |
Past Participle |
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Translation |
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1. arise |
arose |
arisen |
возникать |
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2. awake |
1 awoke |
1 awoke |
будить; |
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awaked |
awaked |
просыпаться |
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3.Ье |
was, were |
been |
быть |
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4. bear |
bore |
born |
рождать |
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5. bear |
bore |
borne |
носить, выносить |
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6. beat |
beat |
beaten |
бить |
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7. become |
became |
become |
становиться |
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8. begin |
began |
begun |
начинать, -ся |
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9. behold |
beheld |
beheld |
увидеть, смотреть |
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10. bend |
bent |
bent |
гнуть, -ся, сгибать, -ся |
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11. |
bereave |
1 bereft |
1 bereft |
лишать, |
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bereaved |
bereaved |
отнимать |
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12. |
beseech |
besought |
besought |
просить, умолять |
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13. |
bet |
bet |
bet |
держать пари |
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14. |
Ьid |
bade |
Ьidden |
приказывать, предлагать |
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15. |
Ьind |
bound |
bound |
связывать |
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16. Ьite |
Ьit |
Ьitten |
кусать |
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17. Ьleed |
Ьled |
Ьled |
истекать кровью |
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18. Ьlow |
Ьlew |
Ьlown |
дуть |
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19. break |
broke |
broken |
ломать |
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20. breed |
bred |
bred |
выводить, разводить |
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21. bring |
brought |
brought |
приносить |
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22. |
broadcast |
1 broadcast |
J broadcast |
передавать |
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broadcasted |
broadcasted |
по радио |
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23. |
build |
built |
built |
строить |
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24. burn |
burпt |
burnt |
гореть, жечь |
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25. burst |
burst |
burst |
разрываться |
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26. |
buy |
bought |
bought |
покупать |
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27. |
cast |
cast |
cast |
бросать, кидать |
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28. |
catch |
caught |
caught |
ловить, схватить |
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29. choose |
chose |
chosen |
выбирать |
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30. cling |
clang |
clung |
прилипать, цепляться |
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31. come |
came |
соте |
nриходить |
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32. cost |
cost |
cost |
стоить |
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33. creep |
crept |
crept |
ползать |
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34. crow |
1 crew |
1 crowed |
петь по |
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crowed |
crowed |
петушиному |
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35. |
cut |
1 cut |
cut |
резать |
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:::::
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Past Sirnple |
····Past Participle |
Translation |
·'"' |
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~ |
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о |
36. |
dare |
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1 durst |
dared |
сметь |
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r::t: |
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dared |
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< |
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37. |
deal |
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dealt |
dealt |
торговать; иметь дело |
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38. |
dig |
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dug |
dug |
копать |
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39.do |
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did |
done |
делать |
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40. draw |
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drew |
drawn |
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r::t: |
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тащить; рисовать |
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\.:) |
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41. dream |
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1 dreamt |
1 dreamt |
видеть сны; |
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:с |
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dreamed |
dreamed |
мечтать |
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42. |
drink |
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drank |
drunk |
пить |
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43. |
drive |
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drove |
driven |
гнать; везти; ехать |
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44. |
dwell |
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dwelt |
dwelt |
обитать; подробно останав- |
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t;:J |
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ливаться |
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45. |
eat |
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ate |
eaten |
есть, питаться |
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46. |
fall |
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fell |
fallen |
падать |
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47. |
feed |
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fed |
fed |
кормить, -ся |
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48. |
feel |
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felt |
felt |
чевствовать |
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49. |
fight |
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fought |
fought |
бороться, сражаться |
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50. |
find |
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found |
found |
находить |
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51. |
flee |
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fled |
fled |
бежать, спасаться |
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52. |
fling |
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flung |
flung |
бросать, кидать |
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53. |
fly |
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flew |
flown |
летать |
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·54. forbear |
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forbore |
forborn |
воздерживаться |
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55. forЬid |
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forbade |
forЬidden |
запрещать |
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56. |
forget |
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forgot |
forgotten |
забывать |
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57. |
forgive |
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forgave |
forgiven |
прощать |
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58. forsake |
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forsook |
forsaken |
оставлять, бросать |
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59. freeze |
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froze |
frozen |
замерзать, замораживать |
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60. |
get |
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got |
got |
получать; становиться |
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61. |
gild |
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1 gilt |
1 gilt |
золотить |
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glided |
glided |
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62. |
gird |
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girt |
girt |
опоясывать, окружать |
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63. |
give |
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gave |
given |
давать |
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64.go |
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went |
gone |
идти, ехать |
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65. |
grave |
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1 graved |
1 graven |
гравировать, |
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graved |
graved |
вырезать |
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66. grind |
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ground |
ground |
точить; молоть |
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67. |
grow |
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grew |
grown |
расти, выращивать |
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68. |
hang |
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1 hung |
1 hung |
висеть, |
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hanged |
hanged |
вешать |
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69. |
have |
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had |
had |
иметь |
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70. |
hear |
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heard |
heard |
слышать |
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71. hew |
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1 hewed |
1 hewn |
рубить, |
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hewed |
hewed |
резать |
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72. |
hide |
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hid |
hidden |
прятать |
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73. hit |
hit |
hit |
ударять |
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74. |
hold |
held |
held |
держать |
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416
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lnfinitive |
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PastSimple |
Past Participle |
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Translation |
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75. |
hurt |
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hurt |
hurt |
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повредить; ушибать |
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76. |
keep |
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kept |
kept |
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держать, хранить |
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77. |
kпeel |
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1 kпelt |
1 knelt |
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становиться |
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kneeled |
kneeled |
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на колени |
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78. |
kпit |
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11 knit |
1 knit |
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вязать |
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79. |
know |
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kпitted |
kпitted |
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knew |
known |
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знать |
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80. |
lade |
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laded |
laden |
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нагружать |
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81. |
lay |
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laid |
laid |
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класть |
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82. |
lead |
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led |
led |
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вести |
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83. |
lean |
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lleant |
lleant |
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наклоняться |
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leaned |
leaned |
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84. |
leap |
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llleapt |
lleapt |
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прыгать, |
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leaped |
leaped |
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вскочить |
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85. |
learn |
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lllearnt |
llearnt |
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учиться |
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86. |
leave |
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learned |
learned |
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left |
left |
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оставлять, уезжать |
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87. |
lend |
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lent |
lent |
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одалживать |
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88. |
let |
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let |
let |
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позволять; сдавать внаем |
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89. |
lie |
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lay |
lain |
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лежать |
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90. |
light |
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llit |
llit |
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зажигать, |
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lighted |
lighted |
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освещать |
|
91. |
lose |
|
|
|
lost |
lost |
|
терять |
||
92. |
make |
|
|
|
made |
made |
делать; заставлять |
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|||||||||
93. |
mean |
|
|
|
meant |
meant |
значить; nодразумевать |
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94. |
meet |
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|
|
met |
met |
встречать |
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95. mow |
|
|
|
mowed |
mown |
|
косить |
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96. |
owe |
|
|
|
1 owed |
owed |
|
быть должным |
||
|
|
|
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|
|
ought |
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|
97. |
рау |
|
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paid |
paid |
|
платить |
||
98. |
put |
|
|
|
put |
put |
|
класть |
||
99. |
quit |
|
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1 quit |
1 quit |
|
оставлять, |
||
|
|
|
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|
quitted |
quitted |
|
покидать |
|
100. read |
|
|
|
read |
read |
|
читать |
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101. rend |
|
|
|
rent |
rent |
|
разрывать |
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|||||||
102. rid |
|
|
|
rid |
rid |
освобождать, отделываться |
||||
103. ride |
|
|
|
rode |
ridden |
ездить верхом |
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104. ring |
|
|
|
rang |
rung |
звонить; звенеть |
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105. rise |
|
|
|
rose |
risen |
подниматься |
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106. rive |
|
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|
1 rived |
1 riven |
колоть, |
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|
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|
rived |
rived |
разрывать |
||
107. run |
|
|
|
ran |
run |
бежать |
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108. saw |
|
|
|
sawed |
sawn |
пилить |
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109. say |
|
|
|
said |
said |
говорить, сказать |
||||
110. see |
|
|
|
saw |
seen |
видеть |
||||
111. seek |
|
|
|
sought |
sought |
искать |
||||
:...: ~ 1 !н
""
-
;:i
~
:;;..
;:i
<
_j
·-,
L:..J
-"'"
,..,.
-х
::::::
z
t:.J
:::..
-·
<
417
~ |
|
lnfinitive |
|
PastSimple |
Past Participle |
|
Translation |
|
С) |
|
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|
|||||
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|
С) |
112. |
sell |
|
sold |
sold |
|
продавать |
|
се |
|
|
||||||
113.send |
|
sent |
sent |
|
|
|||
с:: |
|
|
посылать |
|||||
114. |
set |
|
set |
set |
|
|
||
..-. |
|
|
помещать, ставить; заходить |
|||||
:;;: |
|
|
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|
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|
(о солнце) |
г |
|
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115. sew |
|
sewed |
sewn |
|
шить |
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< |
|
|
||||||
116. |
shake |
|
shook |
shaken |
|
трясти |
||
~- |
|
|
||||||
\...? |
117. |
shave |
|
1 shaved |
1 shaven |
|
бриться |
|
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|
||||||
~ |
|
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|
shaved |
shaved |
|
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|
и |
|
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|
-....J |
118. shear |
|
1 sheared |
1 sheared |
1 стричь, срезать |
|||
'.J |
|
|
|
|
shore |
shorn |
|
|
z |
119. shed |
|
shed |
shed |
|
пропивать (слезы, кровь) |
||
~ |
|
|
||||||
120. shine |
|
shone |
shone |
|
сиять, светить |
|||
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|
||||||
|
121. shoe |
|
shod |
shod |
|
обувать, подковывать |
||
|
122. shoot |
|
shot |
shot |
|
стрелять |
||
|
|
|
||||||
|
123. show |
|
showed |
shown |
|
показывать |
||
|
|
|
||||||
|
124. shrink |
|
shrank |
shrunk |
|
сморщиваться; сокращаться |
||
|
125. shut |
|
shut |
shut |
|
закрывать |
||
|
126. sing |
|
|
sang |
sung |
|
петь |
|
|
|
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|
|||||
|
127. sink |
|
|
sank |
sunk |
|
погружаться, тонуть |
|
|
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|
||||||
|
128. sit |
|
|
sat |
sat |
|
сидеть |
|
|
129. slay |
|
|
slew |
slain |
|
убить |
|
|
130. sleep |
|
|
slept |
slept |
|
спать |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
131. slide |
|
|
slid |
slid |
|
скользить |
|
|
132. |
sling |
|
|
slung |
slung |
|
бросать, швырять |
|
133. |
slink |
|
|
slunk |
slunk |
|
красться |
|
134. |
slit |
|
|
slit |
slit |
|
расщеплять |
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
135. smell |
|
1 smelt |
1 smelt |
|
пахнуть; |
||
|
|
|
|
|
smelled |
smelled |
|
нюхать |
|
136. smite |
|
smote |
smitten |
|
ударять, бить |
||
|
137. sow |
|
SO\Ved |
sown |
|
сеять |
||
|
138. speak |
|
spoke |
spoken |
|
говорить |
||
|
139.speed |
|
sped |
sped |
|
спешить; ускорять |
||
|
140. |
spell |
|
11 spelt |
1 spelt |
|
писать или произносить слово |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
spelled |
spelled |
|
по буквам |
|
141.spend |
|
spent |
spent |
|
тратить |
||
|
142. |
spill |
|
spilt |
spilt |
|
проливать, просыпать |
|
|
143. spin |
|
1 span |
spun |
|
прясти, прясть |
||
|
144. spit |
|
spun |
|
|
|
||
|
|
spat |
spat |
1 плевать |
||||
|
145. |
split |
|
split |
split |
|||
|
|
|
раскалывать, -ся |
|||||
|
146. |
spoil |
|
1 spoilt |
1 spoilt |
|
портить |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
spoiled |
spoiled |
|
|
|
147. spread |
|
spread |
spread |
|
распространять, -ся |
||
|
148. spring |
|
sprang |
sprung |
|
прыгать |
||
|
148. |
stand |
|
stood |
stood |
|
стоять |
|
|
149. |
steal |
|
stole |
stolen |
|
красть |
|
418
|
lnfinitive |
|
|
Past Simple. |
·Past Participle |
|
|
Translation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
150. |
stick |
|
|
stuck |
stuck |
|
|
приклеивать, -ся |
151. |
sting |
|
|
stung |
stung |
|
|
жалить |
152. |
stink |
|
|
stank |
stunk |
|
|
вонять |
153. strew |
|
1 strewed |
1 strewn |
|
|
разбрасывать |
||
154. stride |
|
|
strewed |
strewed |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
1 |
strode |
stridden |
|
|
шагать |
|||
155. strike |
|
1 struck |
1 struck |
|
|
ударять, бить |
||
|
|
|
|
struck |
stricken |
|
|
|
156. string |
|
|
strung |
strung |
|
|
натягивать |
|
157. |
strive |
|
|
strove |
striven |
|
|
стремиться |
158. |
swear |
|
|
swore |
sworn |
|
|
клясться; браниться |
159. |
sweat |
|
|
sweat |
sweat |
|
|
потеть |
160.sweep |
|
|
swept |
swept |
|
|
мести |
|
161. |
swell |
|
1 swelled |
1 swollen |
|
|
пухнуть, |
|
|
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
swelled |
swelled |
|
|
раздуваться |
162. swim |
|
|
swam |
swum |
|
|
плавать |
|
163. swing |
|
|
swung |
swung |
|
|
качать, -ся; размахивать |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
164. |
take |
1 |
took |
taken |
|
|
брать |
|
|
|
|||||||
165. |
teach |
|
|
taught |
taught |
|
|
обучать, учить |
166. tear |
|
|
tore |
torn |
|
|
рвать |
|
167. |
tell |
|
|
told |
told |
|
|
рассказывать |
168. think |
|
|
thought |
thought |
|
|
думать |
|
169. thrive |
|
|
throve |
thriven |
|
|
процветать, nреусnевать |
|
170. throw |
|
|
threw |
thrown |
|
|
бросать |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
171. thrust |
|
|
thrust |
thrust |
|
|
толкать |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
172. tread |
|
|
trod |
trodden |
|
|
ступать |
|
173. understand |
|
|
understood |
understood |
|
|
nонимать |
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
174. wake |
|
J |
woke |
1 woken |
|
|
будить; просыпаться |
|
|
|
|
|
waked |
waked |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
175. wear |
|
|
wore |
worn |
1 |
носить |
||
176. weave |
|
|
wove |
woven |
||||
|
|
|
|
ткать |
||||
177. wed |
|
lwed |
lwed |
|
|
венчать |
||
178. weep |
|
|
wedded |
wedded |
|
|
|
|
|
|
wept |
wept |
|
|
плакать |
||
179. win |
|
|
won |
won |
|
|
выигрывать |
|
180. wind |
|
|
wound |
wound |
|
|
заводить (часы); виться |
|
181. wring |
|
|
wrung |
wrung |
|
|
скручивать; выжимать |
|
182. write |
|
|
wrote |
written |
|
|
nисать |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
""
-·
:::<:
f - ~
;;..
:::::
<
~
...)
....,
;_;,J
с::
;.:
,~...-.
х
-
;:::
z
:.;.;
:::L
С-.
<
..