Утевская Н.Л. - English Grammar Book - 2011

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Note 1 . When there are more than two words or thoughts to Ье joined together, usually опlу the last is preceded Ьу а conjunction:

Неге some red, pink, white and yel/ow flowers.

Boys, girls, youths and e/derly people went to see the motorracing.

Note 2. Coordinating conjunctions join words that stand in the same relation to some otherword in the sentence:

Will you drink milk or tea?

Our pupils and students like sport games.

Subordinating Conjunctions

They are AS, ТНАТ, AFТER, BEFORE, IF, SINCE, ЕХСЕРТ, THOUGH, UNLESS, WHEN, WHILE, AS SOON AS, AS LONG AS, TILL, UNTIL, HARDLY, BECAUSE, HOWEVER etc.

Subordinating conjunctions join а subordinate clause to the main clause:

1will go there if you permit те.

Note. Some words are partly adverbs and partly conjunctions. So far as the words qualify а verb Ьу stating time, manner or place, they are adverbs. So far as they join sentences, they are conjunctions. Tl1ese are whether, when, where, why, how, however.

Where are you going to (adverb of place)? 1don 't know where he has gone (conj.).

Or, nor

1. Neitl1er тytastes ...... ту tale11ts lie i11 this directioп. 2. We сап 11ever respect people wlю have 110 tiтe ..... iпcli11atioп to do the work required of theт. 3. I had 110 mo11ey, ...... l1ad I апу frie11ds iп tl1e city. 4. Wl1e11 ту graпdfather was а Ьоу tl1ere was по such tlliпg as а Ьicycle ...... automoЬile.

Thoug/1, but, while, and

When, while

Exercise 11

Fill iп tl1e Ьlaпks with о11е oftl1e followi11g coпjuпctioпs: tl1erefore, because, as if, as, unless, not so ... as, as ... as, bot/1 ... and.

iпdustrious. 4. I kпew you would соте ..... you proтised me you would.

decided to divide it for eacl1 to do his part separately. (and, Ьнt) 2. The wartook

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(пeitl1er ...... поr, either ...... or) 6. а) It was late, ...... cvcrybody telt tired. (so, and) Ь) It was late, ...... we agreed to break till tomorrow. (so, апd) с) We agreed to brcak till tomorrow, ...... it was alгeady late. (so, for, апd)

Exercise IV

ComЬine the tollowing seпteпces so as to make them eitl1er complex or compotшd using tl1e conjuпctions: that, whether, as soon as, where, as, because, so that, al- tlюugh, as ... as, therefore, so, if, nevertheless, for.

1. l did not read the book to the end. lt was поt very iпterestiпg. 2. We left early. We wanted to reach the village before soлset. 3. Уоо are лоt iп earпest. You

speak iв sнcl1 а carcless апd iпdiffereлt mаппеr. 4. Tl1e expeditioп may Ье

daпgerous. I will take part iп it. 5. 1Ъе road was very nшddy. Tl1e саг would поt move. 6. I stayed оп. She migl1t поt feelloпely. 7. Не did exactly. Не was told. 8. You regard tbls matter as important. We wiJI consider it. 9. Т11еу rап fast. Theiг legs could carrytl1em. 1О. J don't advise уон to go to tl1e river. It is too cold to batl1e. 11. Tl1e 11онsе stood; t\1e roads met. 12. The bell rings. You may play games. 13. l recognize the spot. I saw it. 14. Peter 11esitated. I stood нр to speak. 15. Tl1e travellers \vere told. А storm was expected. 16. It is нnfortoлate. Tl1e traiл arrives at пigl1t. 17. Tl1e qнestioп is. We сал afford so nшс11 time.

Exercise V

Use опе oftl1e coпjunctions to complete eacl1 oftl1ese seпteпces: and, but, if, as, for, yet, that, though, since, ~vhile, until, when, un!ess, because, whether, although.

...... coнld поt fiпd it.

Exercise Vl

Рнt in tl1e proper conjнnctioпs iпtroduciвg adverЬial claнses of time.

Exercise Vll

Use tl1ese conjunctions and connective words iп tl1e following seлtences.

therefore consequently fm· because thus in tbls way for this reason as а result

1. I had not studied ту lessons for two weeks. I could not answer the questioпs in the text. 2. The train was half an hour late. I missed the first tl1ree пumbers оп the programme. 3. 1 tried to help him. 1 felt sorry for him. 4. Mark turned to the right wheп he reached the corner ...... he missed his fatl1er, who came up the street. 5. 1 could not give а report. I did поt have tl1e book. 6. Miily's little sister is Ш. Milly l1as not been at school tl1is week. 7. 1made my macl1ine lighter than his ...... it was easier to maпage. 8. I telephoпed tl1e message to Peter ...... по time was lost iл getting started. 9. You сап сапу soup or coffee in а thermos bottle ...... you can always have somethiпg lюt for lunch.

Exercise Vlll

Answer tl1e followiлg questioпs usiпg the coлjпnctioл neitl1er ... nm· as iп t!1e

models. Use the words iл brackets алd add а seпtence ofyour own.

Mnrlel 1 Did Boris repair the ТУ set yesterday? (have а techпiciaп iл). - Не лeither repaired it himself лоr had а techniciaл iл. So we could not watch ТУ programmes.

1. Did Oleg agree to yourproposal? (object to) 2. Have you boпgl1t the textbook? (take it from our library) 3. Did the old mал receive апу letters? (seпd Jetters) 4. Do you approve of our project? (criticize) 5. Did Неlеп buy aлytlliпg for dinлer? (ask smb. to do it) 6. Did theyturn left? (right) 7. Do yoнlike physics? (matl1ematics) 8. Did you buy envelopes at tl1e post office? (postage stamps) 9. Did Alec speak in favour ofyour plan? (agaiпst it) 1О. Did yoнlike the спt of your Ьlouse? (the trimming)

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Kinds of Particles

Particles may Ье classified into:

1) limiting particles: еvеп, оп/у, теге/у, sole/y, barely, but, а/опе, just, simp/y. Оп/у the first-year studeпts were left to discuss the experimeпt.

2)intensifying particles: а/1, still, yet, just, еvеп, simply, quite etc:

1сап quite uпderstaпdyour feeliпg.

3)specifying particles: right, exactly, precisely,just.

Draw а circle right iп the middle of the тар.

4) connecting particles: also, too.

1too shou/d /ike to practice teппis.

5) negative particles: пever, поt.

They пever spoke а word апd left the room without еvеп а bow.

Note. ln modern English the infinitive is usually preceded bythe particle to.

Не weпt to the library to read the /аtest works iп his speciality.

The lnterjection

The interjection is а part of speech which expresses emotions without naming them. lnterjections may Ье classified into two main groups:

1)emotional: ah! oh! bravo! alas! etc.: "Aias! Gentleтen!" cried John.

2)imperative: here! hush! we/1! соте! now! etc.: "Hush! Did you hear the noise?"

lnterjections express different kinds offeelings, such as:

-joy (hurray [hu' re1], hurrah [lш'ra:] ура!),

-grief, sorrow (a/as [g'Ja:s] увы!, dearтe! боже мой!, ohdear! воттактак!),

-consolation (соте, соте! полно!, ну, ну!),

-approval (bravo ['Ьra:'vgu] браво!, hear! hear! правильно! правильно!),

-contempt (pooh [p(h)u:] фу!, gosh [gof] боже!, pah [ра:] тьфу!, фу!, fie [fa1]

фу!, тьфу!),

-triumph (aha [a:'ha:] ага!),

-impatience (bother ['Ьооg] черт возьми!),

-anger (damn [drem] черт!, черт побери!),

-surprise or annoyance (Goodness gracious ['gudшs 'greifgs]), MyGod! боже

мой!, good heavens! господи, боже мой!, why! как!, ба!).

Some interjections are used merely to attract attention ( hallo, hi, hey, here). Hallo! What's happening now?

Неу! ls anybody here? Oh dear! l've lost туреп.

Bother! l've тissed the train!

Соте, соте, Магу, let's hope for the best.

The interjection Oh may express surprise, joy, disappointment.

Oh! Really?

Oh! Don 't Ье а stupid ass. Oh! How g/ad 1ат to see you! Oh! /'т sorry!

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The Sentence

The sentence is а group ofwords сараЫе of expressing а complete thought. А sentence may consist of а single word or of а combination of words: Noise.

Реор/е. Light. The city was awake. А summer пight, just dark апd very warm.

Kinds of Sentences

When forming а sentence the speaker may have differentaims in view. Accordingly, sentences are divided into:

1) declarative sentences (affirmative and negative):

1/епt him а book.

She doesп 't like this film.

2)interrogative sentences:

What are you traпslatiпg?

3)imperative sentences which express а command or а request:

Соте agaiп пехt week!

Ореп your books, please.

4) exclamatory sentences:

What а fiпe day it is! How cold it is gettiпg!

lnterrogative Sentences

There are four types of interrogative sentences:

1)yesjno questions,

2)wh-questions,

3)question tags,

4)alternative questions.

YesjNo Questions

Yesjпo questioп asks whether the relation between the subject and the predicate is positive or negative. lt requires the answer yes or по.

То form questions we put the auxiliary (сап, Ье, wi/1, have etc.) before the subject. We use dojdoes to form questions iп Present Simple and did to form questions in Past Simple.

Yesjпo questioпs are pronounced with the rising tone.

Are you studyiпg Eпglish? Yes, 1am. No, 1am поt.

Do you go iп for sports? Yes, 1do. No, 1doп't.

Did he leave ап hour ago? Yes, he did. No, he didп 't.

Yesjпo questioпs сап have а пegative form. Negative questioпs are formed with поt. But there is а differeпce iп word order betweeп the short апd full form.

Didп't they iпform you? ( short form ). Did they поtiпform you? (fu/1 form).

We пormally use the short form iп everyday speech апd the full form опlу for emphasis.

Наvеп 't they returned yet? Have they поtreturned yet?

Wh-questions

Wh-questioпs begiп with а questioп word (who, what, where, why, wheп, whose,

which, how etc.).

What did you buy?

How do you get to work?

Wheп there is а prepositioп, it usually goes at the епd of the questioп, though iп formal Eпglish it сап Ье put before the questioп word.

Who is this /etter from? (more usua!) From whom is this letter? (formal)

We пormally use the followiпg questioп words to ask about:

Who is used without а noun to ask about people.

Who wrote "Gопе with the Wiпd"?

Whose is used to express possession.

Whose реп is this? lt's his.

Which is used for people, animals or thiпgs before nouпs, oпejones, of or alone.

Which сагis yours? Т11еrе are two пewspщ)ers here. Which опе would you like to read? Which ofthe studeпts wi/1 соте оп the schoo/ trip? Which is yourbag?

Which is normally used when there is а limited choice.

Which is your favourite writerCharles Dickeпs orMark Twaiп? (limited choice)

Which сап also Ье used with the comparative and superlative.

Which is cheaper, а magaziпe or а book? Which is the best compositioп ofall?

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What is used before а поuп or аlопе to ask about thiпgs.

What day is it today? What did he say?

What is also used for people, aпimals апd thiпgs wheп there is ап uпlimited choice.

What books do you prefer reading? (there are mапу books to chose from-

uпlimited choice)

What сап also Ье Llsed iп these patterпs: What ... like? What ... for? What colour? What size? What time? What is he like? What is it used for? etc.

What's the weather like today?

What and which are sometimes both possiЫe. WhatjWhich daydid he leave?

, Subject/Object Questions

lf who, which or what are the subject of the questioп, the word order is the same

as iп statemeпts.

lftheyare the object ofthe questioп, theverb is iп questioп form.

subject object subject object

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