Утевская Н.Л. - English Grammar Book - 2011

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We weпt to а coпcertat the Arts Ceпtre.

We say at someoпe 's house. 1was at Pete's house last week.

We use iп when we think about the building itself.

The rooms iп Тот 's house are large.

We usually say iп with towns and villages.

Муpareпts live iп Moscow.

Butyou can use atwhen the town orvillage is а point on ajourney:

Do you kпow ifthis traiп stops at Smithtowп?

We say arrive iп а country or town:

Wheп did he arrive iп Кiev?

We say arrive atwith other places (buildings etc.) or events:

What time did he arrive at schooljat workjat the hotel?

We say arrive home (without а preposition):

Wheп did he arrive home?

Оп is used to talk about position or а surface.

Your diппer's оп the taьte.

Dоп 'tsit оп the floorjоп the grass.

There is а dirty mark оп the walljoп the ceiliпgjoп your chiп.

Have you sееп the пotice оп the пotice-board?

There is а report about the football match оп page 7 of the пewspaper. the chair. lt's brokeп.

Note thatwe say: on the leftjon the right

on the ground floorjon the first floor etc.

/п Britaiп we drive оп the left. Our flat is оп the secoпd floor.

We use оп with small islands:

Не speпthis holidays оп а small islaпd. We also say оп the coastjoп а river;оп а road:

Lопdоп is оп the river Thames.

Portsmouth is оп the south coast of Eпglaпd.

We say that а place is оп the wayto another place:

We stopped at а village оп the way to

lпjatjoп the сотег. We say iп the сотегofа гоот, but at

the сотег( or оп the corner) of а street.

The televisioп is iп the сотег of the room.

There is а telephoпe Ьохatjoп the corner of the street.

OVER -А lamp was haпgiпg over the tаЬ/е.

UNDER- The Ьох is uпder the tаЫе.

ВУ/NEAR/BESIDE -Не was staпdiпg Ьуthe wiпdow.

Т11еге was ап агтсhаiг beside the fiгeplace.

Не lives пеаг the uпiveгsity.

BEHIND- Тhеге is а sта/1 vegetaЬ/e gагdеп behiпd the house.

BEYOND- The village is Ьеуопd the гivег.

Prepositions of Movement and Direction

ТО - We say gojcomejtгavel to а place ог event. go to Moscow go to а рагtу walk to work

соте to London Ье taken to hospital

INTOGo intojcome into =enteг (а гoomjbuilding etc):

Не weпt iпto the гоот.

А Ьiгd flew iпto the гоот.

Ооп't wait outside! Соте iпto the house.

Тот goes to woгkЬу саг.

But we say on foot:

Did you соте hеге Ьусагогоп foot?

But you cannot use Ьу if you say my сагjthe tгainja taxi etc.

We got iп ( iпto) the сагапd dгove off.

We use ON fог Ьicycles and buses, tгains etc.:

on my Ьicycle on the bus on the 6. 15 tгain

Get оп the tгаiп. lt's геаdу to leave.

FROM - Не took the book fгот the she/f. 1have гeceived а letteг fгот ту fгieпd.

Take this book fгот Petгov.

OFF - Take уоиг thiпgs off the taЬie.

The гаiп гап off the гооf.

Не wa/ked out of the house. She took the letteг out of hег pocket.

ТНROUGH - The tгаiп passed through the tиппе/.

Не /ooked thгough the wiпdow.

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Prepositions of Тime

АТ- We use atwith times: at 5 o'clock

We give each other preseпts at Christmas.

She апd 1arrived at the same time.

ON - We use оп with dates and days:

They got married оп 20 March.

We usual/y go out оп Saturday eveпiпgs.

INWe use iп for а longer period oftime (months, years, seasons).

in the morningjeveningjafternoonjnight

1'11 see you iп the morniпg.

We never use АТ, IN or ON before yesterday, tomorrow, пехt, this, last, every.

Не is leaviпg пехtSuпday.

IN +А PERIOD OFTIME =а time in the future

The traiп wi/1 Ье leaviпg iп а few miпutes.

They are gettiпg married iп two moпths.

We also use IN to say how long it takes to do something:

1/earnt to drive iп three weeks.

FORWe use FOR +А PERIOD OFTIME to say how long something goes on: for two years for three hours for а month

l've watched televisioп for two hours last пight. Аге you goiпg away for the weekeпd?

DURINGWe use DURING + NOUN to saywhen somethiпg happens: during the film during our holiday during the night

WHILEWe use WHILE + SUBJECT + VERB

1fe/1 asleep while 1was watchiпg tefevisioп.

SINCE and FORWe use SINCE when we say the beginning of the period (8 o'clock).

We use FOR wheп we saythe period oftime (two hours):

She has Ьееп workiпg here siпce Мау.

She has Ьееп workiпg here for five moпths.

We do поt use FOR iп expressions with all (all dayjall morпiпgjall weekjall my life etc.):

l've lived here al/ ту life.

ВУ (+а time) = not later than:

We have to Ье at home Ьу 5о'clock.

UNТIL (orTILL)- We use UNTIL (orTILL) to sayhow long а situation continues:

Let's wait uпti/( or till) it stops raiпiпg.

You сап also say Ьу the time, Ьу theп or Ьу that time:

Не arrived at the party at midпight. Ву theп ( or Ьу that time), most of the guests had left.

The Use of Some Prepositions: Confusing Cases

ACROSS and OVER

The prepositions across and over сап both Ье used to mean оп or to the other side of а road, river, etc.

We walked overjacross the road.

Over is used for movements оп or above water, but not iп water.

How /опg would it take to swim across the river? ( NОТ: ... over the river?)

Only over is used for а movemeпt to the other side of somethiпg high.

Wheп 1saw him he was climblпg s/ow/y over the fепсе.

8oth across and overcan Ье used for movements iпside an area (а desert, аfield).

Who are those реор/е walkiпg overjacross the field?

However, when we mean from one side to the other of the area, we use only across.

lt took him six weeks to walk across the desert.

Апd over is not used for movement in а three-dimensional space ((like а room).

Не walked across the room, smiliпg straпgely.

ACROSSandTHROUGH

Across and through сап both Ье used for а movement from one side of an area toanother.

Across is related to оп- it means that the movement is on а surface.

The lake is frozeп, so we walked across the ice.

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Through is related to in- you move through а three-dimensional space. lt took us two /юurs to walk tl1rough the forest.

Through is not used for а movement from one side to the other of something long and thin, like а river.

She swam across the river.

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She was sitting between John and Mike.

The sweets wеге divided among the five children.

Between is also used when there are more objects, people, countries etc than two when we see them separately, there are not very many of them, and each one is clearly distinct from the others.

1saw something lying between the wheels of the train.

We saythat something is among а crowd or а group: а collection of things which we do not see separately.

We found а little house hidden among the trees.

BESIDES and ЕХСЕРТ

Besides usually includes: it is like saying with, or plus (+). Exceptexcludes: it is like saying without, or minus (- ).

1go to school every day except Sunday. She got а lot of presents besides yours.

BYand NEAR

Bymeans justat the side of; something that is byyou may Ье closer than something that is nearyou.

We live near the sea (perhaps five kilometers away). We live Ьу the sea (we сап see it).

BYandWITH

Вуand with сап both Ье used to say how somebody does something, but there is an importantdifference.

Вуis used when we talk about an action - when we say what we do to get the result wewant.

With is used when we talk about an object, а tool etc when we say what we use.

1killed the fly Ьу hitting it.

1ki/led the fly with а newspaper.

DURING and FOR

During is used to say when something happened. For is used to say how long it took.

There was а storm during the night. lt rained for three or four hours.

FOR, SINCE, FROM

For is used to say how long an action or а situation lasts.

We go to the seaside for а week every suтmer.

From is used when we saywhen an action or а situation starts and when itfinishes. This idea is usually expressed with from ... to ... or

froт three to six.

Froт is also used if we do not say when the action or situation finishes.

Не studied the piano from the age offive.

Since is used to give the starting point of actions and situations that continue up to the moment of speakiпg.

Compare:

1was there froт three о'clock, but nobody сате.

l've been here since three o'c/ock, but nobody has соте yet. Since is normally used with the Preseпt Perfect.

INTO

lnto is used to talk about а movement which ends in а particular place. ln is used for position without movemeпt.

Не сате into the rоот laughing.

The woтan in the chair Ьу the window is ту тother.

ln сап Ье used iпstead of into to refer to movemeпt after some verbs that describe

а movemeпtwith an end such asput, sitdown, tt1row, juтp, fall. Не put his hand injinto his pocket.

Throw it injin to the wastepaper basket. соте, V'lalk, run.

1walked out into the garden.

She сате into туstudy holding а newspaper.

The opposite of the prepositioпs into апd in is out of. She ran out of the rоот.

1took Pete's letter out of туpocket.

UNTILjТILL апd ТО

Untiljtill is used iп the sense of "time up to".

1waited for her ti/1 six о'clock, but she didn 't соте. Не is usually in his office until тidday.

То is used when we are couпting the time until а future event.

Three weeks are to the holidays ( or ... ti/1 the holidays).

То сап also Ье used after from.

We usually have our /unch break froт twelve-thirty to one-thirty(or ... until one-thirty).

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IИ'EXERCISES

Exercise 1

Complete these sentences witl1 the prepositioпs in, at or оп.

Exercise 11

Complete t11e seпteпces witl1 tl1e prepositions in, ator оп.

Exercise 111

Complete tl1ese sentences with а preposition if а prepositioп is пecessary.

1. Не arrived ..... England two moпths ago. 2. Tl1e traiп from Paris arrives .....

platform 2. 3. What time do you usually arrive ..... home iп the eveпiпg?

Exercise IV

Traпslate the followiпg sentences. Рау attention to lюw tl1e preposition at is traпs­ lated.

1.We agreed to meet at his place. 2. I will Ье at home at that tiшe. 3. All tl1e guests were sitting at taЬle wheп I саше. 4. I шеt hiш at the corпer tl1e otl1er day.

5.The train was moving at а great speed. 6. Не picked up а stone апd t11rew it at the blrd. 7. We arrived at the station just in time to catc\1 our traiп. 8. Не was sad at heariпg this bad news. 9. You шнst поt go tl1ere at suc\1 а late lюш.

10.We wШ do tl1is exercise at our пехt lesson. 11. We stood at tl1e window and watched tl1e traffic iп the street. 12. Ореп уош books at page 21. 13. Tl1e captaiп slept very little and at dawn l1e саше on deck.

Exercise V

Traпslate tl1e followiпg payiлg atteпtioп to tl1e prepositioп (or.

1. We are ready to die for ош coнntry. 2. His rigl1t arm is broken, so rwrote tl1e letter for l1im. 3. Неге is а present for you. 4. Wi\1 \Ve go for а walk? 5. 1 lыve to prepare for tl1e exaшiпations. 6. 1am waitiлg for an aпswer to ту letter. 7. Tl1e traiп for St Petersbшg leaves at 11.30. 8. She coнld поt speak for tears. 9. The cl1ildren shouted for уон. 1О. We worked for an lюur. 11. The childreл walked for а mile. 12. She left St Petersburg for Moscow. 13. Sшnmer is а busy seasoп for the 14. We stopped for а slюrt wl1ile апd theп пюvеd on. 15. We lived iп the country for more thaп а fortпigi1t.

Exercise Vl

Fill iп the Ьlanks with the preposition (rom or since.

Exercise Vll

Fill iп the Ьlanks with the prepositioп Ьу or with.

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Exercise Vlll

Fill in the Ьlaпks witl1 the prepositioпs over, through, across.

the wlюle night ..... .

Exercise IX

Put опе ofthe following prepositions into each gap.

Exercise Х

Complete tl1ese seпteпces with the prepositioпs to, into, оп or Ьу. Ifпo prepositioп

is пecessary, leave the senteпce as it is.

Exercise Xl

Answertl1e questions. Use the prepositions in, ator оп with tl1e words in brackets.

1. Where'sthe1abe1? (bottle) ..... .

2. Where's the woman sitting? (armchair) ..... .

3. Where's the man standing? (gate) ......

4. Where's the picture? (wall) ..... .

5. Wl1ere's Kate staпding? (topjstairs) ..... .

6. Where's the cat? (bottom/stairs) ..... .

7. Where's Tom's flat? (secoпd floor) ..... .

8. Wl1ere's the dog? (backjcar) ..... .

9. Where's Тот sitting in the cinema? (back row) ..... .

10. Where's tl1e notice? (door) ..... .

11. Wl1ere's the girl staпding? (corner ofthe street) ..... .

12. Where's the man staпdiпg? (corner ofthe room) ..... .

Exercise Xll

Fill in the gaps with the correct preposition.

Last year my family went ... holiday to the USA. We weпt there ... air, it was а longjourney but we were very welllooked after ... the plane Ьу all the air hostesses. When we arrived ... the airport we went directly ... our hotel ... taxi. Tl1ere was а lot oftraffic ... tlle streets oftl1e city and tl1ere were many people walkiпg ... the pavemeпts. We stayed ... а large llotel ... the outskirts ofWashiпgton. We were giveп а wonderful suite ... tlle top floor oftlle llotel. Tlle most enjoyaЬle day I

had was wllen we weпt ... an excursioп. We llad а woпderfullloliday.

Exercise Xlll

Fill iп the gaps with tlle correct preposition.

Exercise XIV

Put tlle correct prepositioп oftime into each gap.

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