Notes on the Text

1. at the age ot — в возрасте

2 to grant a degree — присуждать ученую степень

3* to carry on (smth) —вести что-л., заниматься чем-л*

D. I. Mendeleyev, the great Russian chemist, was born in Siberia on February 8, 1834. When seven years old he went to gymnasium at Tobolsk. He studied very hard, he especially liked mathematics, physics and history. At the age of 16 he ^{ei1 e}[^e(^ ^he Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg, phvsico- mathematical department. He graduated from the Institute in 1855 and began to teach chemistry at the Technological In­stitute and then at the University, /in 1865 Mendeleyev was granted the Doctor of Science degree for the thesis on the com­bination of alcohol with water. This work was both of great theoretical and practical significance. Soon after that D I Men­deleyev was appointed Professor of General Chemistry of

^SJ‘iu ^eti^eru^sbuix^{g Universit}y* Despite lectures and supervision or the laboratory, D. I. Mendeleyev carried on great research work.

Mendeleyev's greatest discovery was the Periodic Law. The Periodic Law suggested by Mendeleyev stated that the properties of the elements were a periodic function of their atomic masses. He presented this work to the Russian Chem- ical Society. Mendeleyev's Periodic Law opened a new era in the history of chemistry.

V Mendeleyev was interested in many branches of science indeed there is hardly any field of science that was not en­riched by his contribution. His numerous works dealt with fnany subjects: properties of liquids, theories of solutions, the development of the gas law, the use of oil and many others.

D. I. Mendeleyev was a great patriot. He did everything for the development and progress of his country.

D. I. Mendeleyev continued his research work to the very last day of his life. He died in 1907.

The world is thankful to Mendeleyev for his great contri­bution to the world science. At present there is hardly any­body who doesn’t know this Russian scientist and his Periodic Law. We are proud of D. I. Mendeleyev who did so much for his country, for the development of the world science.

Remember the following words and word combinations:

great

hard

especially to enter the tute

Insti-

society to die

significance to be proud of

to be appointed to be interested in

despite hardly

to teach (taught, supervision taught) to suggest

contribution liquid to continue

degree very

thesis

Ex. 8. Give answers according to the model:

Model: Was your Institute founded in 1920?

Yes, it was. No, it was not. .

Yes, it was founded in 1920. No, it was not founded in

1920.

1. Was the experiment carried out in the analytical la­boratory? 2. Was this article translated into many languages.

3. Was D. I. Mendeleyev appointed Professor of General Chem­istry? 4. Was this substance purified before the experiment?

Ex. 9. Answer the following questions:

1. When was D. I. Mendeleyev born? 2. Where was he born? 3. When did he go to gymnasium? 4. What subjects did he like? 5. What Institute did he enter? 6. Where did he work after the graduation from the Institute? 7. When was he granted the Doctor of Science degree? 8. What was he granted this degree for? 9. What was Mendeleyev’s greatest discov­ery? 10. What did he present to the Russian Chemical Society?

11. What other problems was Mendeleyev interested in? 12. What subjects did his numerous works deal with? 13. When did he die?

Ex. 10. Retell the text according to the following plan:

1. D. I. Mendeleyev's childhood.

2. The gymnasium and the Pedagogical Institute.

3. D. I. Mendeleyev’s work at the Technological Insti­tute and at the University.

4. His research work.

5. D. I. Mendeleyev’s greatest discovery.

6. D. I. Mendeleyev’s greatest contribution to science.

7. D. I. Mendeleyev is a great chemist and patriot.

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the passive constructions:

1. Physics and chemistry are taught at school. 2. Some of the experiments were carried out in our Institute. 3. Our Insti­tute was named after the great Russian chemist D. I. Men­deleyev. 4. Some of the properties of this substance will be predicted. 5. He was appointed Rector when he was 35 years old. 6. Almost all branches of chemistry and physics will be

enriched by this new theory. 7. I was told about that great chemist who devoted his life to chemistry. 8. A new la­boratory will be built in May. 9. The professor was asked many questions after the lecture. 10. He was sent abroad to contin­ue his studies. 11. This problem is dealt with in many textbooks. 12. This article will be presented as soon as we fin­ish it. 13. This problem is being discussed by many scientists both in our country and abroad. 14. Some new results were obtained by a group of research workers. 15. This substance cannot be used, it has many impurities.

Ex. 12. Translate the sentences paying attention to the verb “to be”:

1. He was carrying out his experiments when I entered the laboratory. 2. The substance was examined under the micro­scope. 3. He was born in Siberia. 4. He was interested in chem­istry when he was a schoolboy. 5. He was sent to Petersburg to continue his studies. 6. This student was present at the lecture. 7. This work was interesting both for him and for his students. 8. He was appointed Professor of Moscow Universi­ty. 9. His work was devoted to physics. 10. He was not pres­ent at the Institute yesterday.

Ex. 13. Find the correct translations of the following English sentences: /•

1. The professor was asked many questions by the stu­dents after the lecture.

1. Профессор задал студентам много вопросов после лекции.

2. После лекции профессору задали много вопросов.

3. Профессору задали много вопросов студенты после лекции.

4. После лекции студенты задали профессору много вопросов.

2. Chemistry is taught at our Institute by a well-known scientist.

1. Химия преподается в нашем институте известным ученым.

2. Известный ученый читает (преподает) курс химии в нашем институте.

Ех. 14. Choose the Russian equivalents from the right column;

представлять именно этот трудный

especially

to graduate from¹

hardly

несмотря на

the very hard despite to deal with to present to be present ,

иметь дело, касаться

особенно

окончить

присутствовать

едва

Ex. IS. Open the brackets choking .be suitable «*4 Translate the

sentences into Russian:

sa да n"

of the same mass of water from 60 C to Ы C.

Ex 16 Read the text and render the main idea:

&B№SS$S&BS&

the way to the strucbre of tte^tom a _{bU hed his} Table

physics.

Notes

1. to lose —терять

2. to open up —открывать

Ex. 17. Listen to the tape-recorded text and discuss it:

Moscow University

The first Russian University was established in 1755 in Moscow.

The founder of the University was M. Lomonosov, he was a pioneer in Russian science and education^ - "? -

Lomonosov is a great scientist. His research ,wprk in many fields of science contributed greatly to ihe development of science in Russia. He was the first, for example' to- discover the ve^ta^l^/ipjgin pf coal, he created the Law of Conserva­tion of'Matter. He studied thoroughly chemistry, metallurgy, mining, mathematics, foreign languages, literature. The University founded by Lomonosov has developed into the lead­ing University. Young people both from different parts of our country and abroad study at this University.

Research constitutes an important aspect of the Univer­sity’s activities. In most cases the results of investigations are directly utilized in industry and agriculture. Many agreements are signed on scientific and technological cooperation between the University and different plants. These agreements are to open wide prospects for the results of research carried out by the scientists.

Moscow University is the centre of research almost in all fields of science. It is known all over the world. Soviet people are proud of this famous centre of education and re­search.

Ex. 18. Read the table:

Sc Scandium	Ti Titanium	V Vanadium	Cr Chromium	Mn Manganese
Y Yttrium	Zr Zirconium	Nb Niobium	Mo Molybdenum	Tc Technetium
La Lanthanum	Hf Hafnium	Та Tantalum	w Tungsten	Re Rhenium

Fe	Co	Ni	Cu	Zn
Iron	Co bait	Nickel	Copper	Zinc
Ru	Rh	Pd	Ag	Cd
Ruthenium	Rhodium	Palladium	Silver	Cadmium
Os	Ir	Pt	Au	Hg
Osmium	Iridium	Platinum	Gold	Mercury J

Give the positions of the following elements In relation to the whole table according to the following model:

Model: Vanadium is in the third column from the left, at the top. Cobalt is in the top row, near the middle.

tungsten, cadmium, zinc, gold, scandium, iron.

Now give the position of these elements in relation to others:

Model: Osmium is beside and to the right of rhenium.

Cobalt is ... to nickel and iron.

Niobium is . . . to molybdenum.

Platinum and mercury is ... to gold. ^

Gold is ... to silver.

Iron is ... to rhodium.

Silver is ... to zinc.

Silver is ... to gold.

Read these sentences which give other positions:

Cobalt is next to, or adjacent to, nickel.

Iron is not adjacent to nickel because cobalt is between

them. ......

Manganese is in line with copper and gold is in line with

hafnium.

Yttrium is near tantalum but far from zinc.

Now say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.

Silver is diagonally above nickel.

Zinc is in line with scandium.

Molybdenum and ruthenium are on either side of techne­tium.

Gold is adjcent to mercury.

Iron is beside and to the right of cobalt.

Gold is vertically below silver.

LESSON 7

Grammar: 1. The Passive Voice (continuation).

2. Different meanings of the word much. Text: Some Facts about Atoms.

Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:

atom ['getam] conclusion [kan'klmgan]

particle I'patikl] essentially [I'senjali]

Ex. 2. Read the following words, mind the stresses:

exist [ig'zist] present ['preznt] refer to [ri'fa: ta] unite [ju:'nait] below [bi'lou] electron [I'lektran]

extremely [iks'tri:mli] method ['mefod] determine [di'ta:min] contact ['kontaekt] molecule ['mohkjud] radius ['reidjasj idea [ai'dia] imagine [Tmaedjin] million ['miljan] copper ['кэрэ] stack [staek] pile [pail]

type [taip] diagram ['daiagraem] constituent [kan'stitjuant] structural ['strAkt/aral] relative ['relativ] regular f'regjula] pair [pea] formula ['fo:mjula] summarize ['sAmaraiz] numerical [nju:'merikal] ratio frei/iouj

proton f'proutan] neutron ['njuitran] dioxide [dai'oksaid] experimental [eks,peri'mentl] constant ['konstant]

Ex. 3. Use the Passive Voice in the following sentences according to th< models. Translate the sentences into Russian:

Model I: They asked him to investigate this method.

He was asked to investigate this method (by them).

I.⁴ They showed us a new laboratory of organic chemistry.

2. I told him the news at once. 3. The teacher gave the stu­dents many interesting books. 4. I shall answer all your questions in two days. 5. They will tell her the results when the work is over.

Model II: They sent for the teacher.

The teacher was sent for.

1. Everybody spoke about this new method of production.

2. He looked at this modern machine with great interest. 3. We shall send for the doctor if he feels bad. 4. They always listen to him very attentively.

Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. The rate of this reaction can be strongly influenced by high temperature. 2. The changes in these parameters during decomposition were followed by a number of other changes.

3. Common salt was acted upon by sulphuric acid and hydro­gen chloride was produced. 4. His work in this field can be

relied on. 5. They were told about the new discoveries in oil production. 6.The change in colour was followed by the change of other properties. 7. Fermi is looked upon as an outstand­ing physicist of our time. 8. The results of their investiga­tion can be referred to. 9. I was asked to attend his lecture on chemistry. 10. Liquid solutions will be dealt with in this chapter. 11. The qualitative examination of this compound is followed by the quantitative one.

Ex. 5. Repeat the forms of the following verbs:

mean—meant—meant—meaning give—gave—gi ven—gi v i ng see—saw—seen—seeing hold—held—held—holding come—came—come—coming

Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the mean­ings of the word “much”:

1. This experiment is much more tedious and time consum­ing than the first one. 2. That work was much more interest­ing for us though it was more difficult. 3. The solubility of helium is much less than that of nitrogen. 4. It would be noted that as much as 20 per cent of this solvent was used.

5. He worked very much last year and could fulfil as much as 50 per cent of his work. 6. Much attention has been paid to the development of nuclear physics in our country. 7. Much research in the field of atomic structure has been carried out recently. 8. As much as 30 per cent of water was evaporated from this solution upon heating. 9. This new discovery is much spoken about.

Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the mean- mgs of the word “mean”:

Note: to mean—зна- means n—средство, способ чить, иметь by means of—при помощи, значение посредством

mean а—средний

1. In mechanics, force does not mean strength. 2. Elec­trolysis is a process by which a chemical reaction is carried out by means of the passage of an electric current. 3. This means that all the atoms of any element have the same properties.

4. It is generally possible by suitable means to separate the constituents of solutions. 5. Dissociation means the separa­tion of a molecule into its original constituent atoms. 6. A number of various complicated problems has been solved by means of computers. 7. At any given temperature the mole­cules of gases have the same mean kinetic energy,