Notes on the Text

1. in the course of — зд. на протяжении

2. to play a role — играть роль (иметь значение)

3. one can see — можно видеть

4. both . . . and — как . . . так и

5. as well as — так же, как

Text. Moscow

Moscow, the capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Re­publics, is one of the oldest Russian cities. It was founded in 1147 by the prince Yuri Dolgoruki. In the course of its long history Moscow played an outstanding role in the life of the Russian State. Moscow saw much and experienced much. Moscow became one of the most important centres of the working class movement.

Moscow played a major role in the Revolution of 1905- 1907. In 1917 Moscow set up a centre to direct the struggle for transfer of power into the hands of the Soviets.

In 1918 Moscow became the capital of the Soviet State.

Moscow is the nation’s political centre. It is the seat of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the highest body of state authority, of the Council of Ministers, and of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR.

Moscow is old and young at the same time. We say that Moscow presents both old and modern Russia. One can see wide new streets, modern buildings made of glass and con­crete, and at the same time old monuments, the ancient Krem­lin with its cathedrals, Red Square, the famous old monu­ments to Minin and Pozharsky, and St. Basil’s Cathedral— great masterpieces of old Russian architecture.

Moscow is both the most important political centre of the country and one of the world’s greatest centres of science and culture. Moscow is a student city.

There are a lot of higher educational establishments in Moscow.

There is a famous University named after the great Rus­sian scientist Lomonosov in Moscow. It occupies a vast area on Lenin Hills, its main building is a 32-storey house. Many students and post-graduates both from the Soviet Union and abroad study in it.

Moscow is a great cultural centre. It is famous for its the­atres, museums, a lot of libraries, the largest being the State Lenin Library, its collection contains millions of volumes.

There are a lot of historical monuments in Moscow. Mos­cow is the main scientific centre of the Soviet Union. The USSR Academy of Sciences as well as a great number of Scientific research centres and institutions are located in Moscow.

Moscow has become an important industrial centre. It produces motor vehicles, machine tools, radio apparatus, electronic devices, computers, cars, chemicals and so on.

Moscow is the largest sports centre. In 1980 Moscow right­fully had the honour to host the 22nd Olympic Games.

Moscow changes from day to day. It has become one of the most beautiful cities in the world. Numerous parks, boule­vards and wide avenues make our capital beautiful and green.

The heart of Moscow is the Kremlin. A new palace was built within the Kremlin Walls, the Palace of Congresses. All the congresses, rallies, meetings take place in this wonderful Palace.

word combinations:

recently to appear to take place to display to defeat to be awarded

vast

to be famous for to contain as well as scientist research researcher

to found

in the course of.^, to play a role^V to present present

at the same time to produce

Remember the following words and

Moscow is the Hero City. In 1941 the front was on the very approaches to our capital. The people of Moscow and all the Soviet peoples rose in Moscow’s defence. They dis­played unprecedented heroism. The Soviet people stood to death and withstood. It was near Moscow that the myth of the invincibility of Hitler’s armies was dispelled. It was the first big nazi defeat. Moscow was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero City for its heroism during the Great Patriotic War.

Model I: Does he live in the centre of Moscow? Yes, he does. No, he doesn’t.

Do you often go to the theatre?

Yes, I do. No, I don’t.

1. Does Moscow University occupy a vast area on Lenin Hills? 2. Do you like to study in the library? 3. Do you live in the centre of Moscow? 4. Does your Institute have many departments? 5. Does your friend know Moscow well? 6. Do you like to go to the museums of Moscow? 7. Do many people come to see our capital? 8. Does he study in the library?

9. Does Moscow become more and more beautiful? 10. Do parks and boulevards make Moscow a green city? 11. What is the largest library in the Soviet Union? 12. Do you work in Leningrad? 13. Do all the congresses take place in the new Palace of Congresses?

Model II: Didhe visit many cities of the Soviet Union? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.

1. Did you see the monument to Pushkin? 2. Did your sister see the building of Moscow University on Lenin Hills?

3. Did the meeting take place in the hall? 4. Did they go to the Opera House yesterday? 5. Did Moscow change greatly?

6. Did the people of Moscow defend their city heroically?

7. Did you see the new districts of our capital? 8. Did she like Kiev more than Moscow?

Ex. 16. Answer the following questions:

1. Who founded Moscow? 2. When was Moscow founded?

3. Why can we say that Moscow is old and young at the same time? 4. What do you know about Moscow University?

5. What museums are there in Moscow, what can you say about the Tretyakov Picture Gallery? 6. What is the largest library in Moscow? 7. What monuments are there in Moscow? 8. What do you know about the Kremlin? 9. Why was Moscow awarded the Gold Star of the Hero City?

Ex. 17. Retell the text according to the following plan:

1. The foundation of Moscow.

2. The places of interest.

3. Moscow University.

4. Moscow museums.

5. The Kremlin.

6. Moscow during the Great Patriotic War.

1. The monument to Pushkin is one of (old, the oldest) and (good, better, the best) in Moscow, 2. The Moscow un­derground is (better, the best) in the world. 3. The Lenin Li­brary is (large, the largest, larger) than other libraries in our country. 4. This street is as (green, the greenest) as that one.

5. This building is much (big, bigger, the biggest)* than the old one. 6. This park is (beautiful, the most beautiful) in our city. 7. This street is not so (longer, long) as that one.

Ex. 19. Open the brackets translating the Russian words into English;

1. Moscow, the capital of the USSR, is (как) the most important political centre of the country (так и) one of the world’s greatest centres of science. 2.The Palace of Congresses is a modern building (из стали и стекла). 3. (Оба) buildings have been built recently. 4. A large new bridge (играет важную роль) in the economic life of this industrial city.

5. Many people from all parts of our country (так же, как) from abroad came to the exhibition. 6. (Множество) new libraries and reading-rooms have been opened in many towns and cities of our country. 7. This gallery (известна) for its great collection of pictures. 8. The meeting (состоялся) in a large hall. A lot of students were present at it. 9. This new district is (такой же большой как) a whole town. 10. The picture of Moscow changes (изо дня в день). 11. We can say that Leningrad is old and new (в то же время, одновре­менно).

Ex. 20. Pay attention to the translation of the following words and word combinations:

a number of new houses — ряд новых домов the number of the house is — номер дома both museums are in the centre — оба музея находятся в центре

both old and new streets are — как старые, так и новые улицы расположены

some monuments are — некоторые музеи находятся the same houses you can see — такие же дома вы можете увидеть

Ех. 21. Choose the Russian equivalents from the right column:

a lot of иметь значение

at some time множество

numerous иметь место, происходить

to take place в какое-то время

to play a role в то же время (одновременно)

at the same time недавно

recently знаменит

famous for многочисленный

Ex. 22. Give the missing forms of the following verbs!

build, built, ... see, seen, ... know, known, ...

come, coming, ... made, making, ... been, being, ...

have, having, ...

Ex. 23. Insert prepositions:

1. There are many museums ... Leningrad. 2. Leningrad is famous ... its monuments. 3. Moscow University was found­ed ... M. Lomonosov. 4. Our meetings usually take place ... our club. 5. The monument ... Mayakovsky is in the centre of Moscow. 6. Our cities are changing ... day ... day. 7. They came ... Moscow ... the same time as we did.

Ex. 24. Read the texts and retell them:

1.

Leningrad is a large city on the Neva. It was from here that V. I. Lenin’s words about the victory of the proletarian revolution were heard in every corner of the world.

Leningrad is one of the most beautiful cities. Thousands of tourists come to see this wonderful city. One can see many places of interest. Such museums as the State Russian Mu­seum, the State Hermitage are well known not only in our country but in many countries all over the world. The State Hermitage is the largest museum in the Soviet Union. Over 300 rooms are open to the public.

There are many monuments in Leningrad. The monument to V. I. Lenin in front of the Finland railway station is one of the best monuments to the founder of the Communist Party and the Soviet State.

During the Second World War the German armies attacked our country. Leningrad was blockaded. The city was subjected to an almost 900-day-long siege.

Leningrad withstood all the trials. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decorated the Hero City with the Order of Lenin for its heroism.

2.

London is the capital of the United Kingdom. The popu­lation of London is over eight million people. London is a

large industrial centre, it is a city of great social contrasts. In the West End there are beautiful houses, palaces, theatres, museums. Among them one can see the British Museum. There are many parks, beautiful monuments. In the East End one can see small houses black with smoke, numerous docks, plants and factories.

London is an old city and there are many places of inter­est, such as the Tower, St. Paul’s Cathedral, Westminster Abbey and many others. The Tower is more than 900 years old. Many years ago it was a royal residence, then a prison. Now it is a museum. St. Paul’s Cathedral is very large and fine. It was built in 1710. The City is the commercial heart of London.

Ex. 25. Listen to the following tape-recorded text and discuss it:

Everyone who visits Moscow goes to Red Square, the heart of Moscow.

There is the Lenin Mausoleum in Red Square. Red Square, one of the most beautiful in the world, stretches along the eastern wall of the Kremlin. Many events in the country’s history are associated with it. V. I. Lenin spoke in Red Square many times. The first time it was on November 7, 1918.

Grammar: 1. Review of the Indefinite Tense Forms.

2. The meanings of one.

Text: Chemistry.

LESSON 3

I'J ■ .

material [тэ tiarial] property ['propati] undergo [,And3'gou] composition [,кэтрэ'г1|(э)п] condition [kan'di/^n] accompany [э'клтрэш] colour ['кл1э]

fundamental [Длпдэ'тепВ] important [im'po:tant]

magic ['таес^гк] quantitatively ['kwontitativ- li] -

relationship [ri'leiJ'anJTp] ■ external [eks'taml] concept ['konsept] ' molecule ['mDhkju:l] ; >/u.

equal ['Lkwal] ' члй

among [э'тлр] hydrogen ['haidridgan]

Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:

biochemistry ['baio(u)'kemis- tri]

geology [dji'oladsiJ origin ['orid3in] manufacture [, meenju' fsektf 9] bronze [branz] century ['sentfuri] sufficient [sa'ifijant]

radium ['reidjaih] create [krir'eit] machine [ma'Jkn] polymer ['polimaj liquid ['hkwid] homogeneous [₍hama'd3i:njas] alloy ['aebi]

Ex. 2. Read the following word combinations:

chemistry is the science ['kemistri iz 5э 'saians] it deals with materials [it 'di:lz wi3 ma'tiarialz] catalysis and crystal structure [ka'taelisis and 'kristal 'strAktJa]

entirely free of [in'taiali 'fri: av] regularities in properties [,regju'laeritiz in 'prapatiz] artificially radio-active elements [,a:ti'fijali 'reidio'aektiv 'elimants]

Ex. 3. Read the following words, mind the stresses:

transform [traens'fo:m]— transformation [,traensf9'meij‘9n] nature [-'neitja]—natural ['naetjrol] reactive [ri/aektiv] — reactivity [,ri;sek'tiviti] practice ['prsektis]— practically ['praektikah]— practical ['praektikal]

understand [,Anda'staend]— understandable [^nda'stsendabl]

Ex. 4. Read the following verbs, mind the pronunciation of the suffix“-ed”:

worked, translated, visited, passed, carried, attended, looked, lived, stayed, smoked, created, transformed, changed, asked, repeated.

Ex. 5. Complete the following sentences according to the model. Use the Past Indefinite Tense:

Model: He studies organic chemistry but last year he studied inorganic chemistry.

1. The students come to the Institute at 9 but last year they ... at half past nine. 2. She carries experiments herself but some time ago she ... them under the teacher’s supervision.

3. He works at the Research Institute but two years ago he ... at the plant. 4. They speak Englislrrather well but last year they ... poorly.

Ex. 6. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct forms:

1. Last year he (to deal with) quantitative analysis. 2. Eve­ry day she (to attend) lectures on chemistry. 3. Two years

ago he (to study) the problems of the crystal structure. 4. Yes­terday they (not work) in the laboratory as there was no electricity. 5. He (to pass) his exams well, and now he (to rest). 6. They (to get) good results, which helped them in their work. 7. Many students (to graduate from) the Institute last year. 8. When they (to heat) water to 100°C it (to begin) to boil. 9. She (not take part) in this research work as she (to be ill) at that time. 10, Next year he (to graduate) from the Institute and (leave) Moscow for his native town. 11. She (to work) in the field of nuclear physics next year. 12. They (to use) this new device in their work soon.

Ex. 7. Give the 3rd person singular of the following verbs:

to teach, (she, he) ...; to undergo, (it) to study, (he, she) to change, (it) to get, (he, she) ...; to introduce, (she) ....

Ex. 8. Mind the note and translate the sentences into Russian;

one

one.

один (числительное) подлежащее (в неоп­ределенно-личном предложении)

слова - заместите-

ППАС

^{w 9} ли существитель­ного

no one — никто

anyone—любой, кто-нибудь

one may—можно

one must — нужно

Note:

50. 'They study organic processes and inorganic ones.

2. Anyone can take part in this work. 3. This method is sim­pler than that one. 4. No one has'ever observed this phenome­non. 5. .One must know all the properties of this substance.

5. Sodium is the only one of the alkali metals which is used industrially in large quantities. 7. No one could state the definite properties of this substance. 8. One may expect that this substance dissolves easily in water. 9. Only one out of 100 million atoms of radium decomposes per second. 10. At one time the chemists took the weight of the hydrogen atom as the unit. 11. Hydrogen consists of particles, each one is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms.

Notes on the Text

1. to deal with — иметь дело, рассматривать, касаться

2. to take place — иметь место, происходить

3. to be concerned with — иметь дело с

4. to devote to — посвящать

5. to make a contribution to — делать вклад

vFVV. . _ . , . . _

T EX J. XHEMISTRY

. rfr) 1 i

Try is tfie study of the composition"and properties of matter, their changes, t!^ conditions under wh ich spell, changes take place, and the f3jergk~ changes which .Жсбтрапу' them.

Chemistry is сопттеа with the Mtuf^of /ire'dhd the structure of water, it deals with coroursi, catalysisand crystal structure, with physical properties and chemical reac­tivity. 7,,.,,. ■>?:■• :л '■

lo.

■po:- r - -

, en- the al-

Chemistry is ohe ofjthe fundamental sciences. It plays an impbrliht~parf in the mlyflc^rnent of biochemistry, physics, geology, andmanyothef fields of science. Chemistry’s origin goes back ter Ancient times, with the manufacture of bronze, iron, ceramics, glass. C

У/1

I**'-

th^..en,d of the si^teenth^century’ sufficient facts ■Лл?иге]у1 free 'of, magic which surrounded the work of th

chemists

КО-ХЛ

in the 17th century modern chemistry began with the work of Robert Boyle. He was the first one who std^efi^uanti- p^^tatively' the "relationship between thew/qiume ,of a gas and the external pressure upon it. Later A. Lavoisier introduced the concept of the chemical’elements.

In the 19th century A. Avogadro introduced*the concept of molecules. He statedthaT equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. ^

F. A. Kekule and A. M. Butlerov introduced the structural /*v£flv-iitheory of organic chemistry, fl ifr"

In 1869 D. I. Mendeleyev discovered regularities in the qJA/ properties of the elements. D. I. Mendeleyev’s discovery was the greatest one in chemistry. " _;

Many great sy^eptLts devoted their life to the development of chemistry, a^ohg them Bohr whose theory of the hydrogen atom was very important, the Curies who in 1934 announced L the preparation of artificially radio-active elements, Marie Curie who * discovered radium and./the element polonium.

Mgny great. Russian chemists made a great contribution to the world sclepce,.' Among them, the outstanding Russian chemists M. V. Lomonosov, D. I. Mendeleyev, A. M. Butle­rov, Academician N. N. Semenov, and many others.

Everyone now understands the importance of chemistry. Th£A4uture_;/-pf chemistry Is practically unlimited. Rapid development of chemical industry will make it possible to

create many new goods, machines, plastics, polymers, it will help to understand many new phenomena.

In yourVetudy of chemistry you will learn many things about st^^ntjea, compounds, materials, chemical and phys­ical ch^ng|s_l4^r chemical properties, reactions and many other interestmg and important' things. It is to be remembered that: ^

1. Chemistry is the study of substances, their structure, their properties, and their reactions.

2. Matter exists as solids, liquids, or gases.

3. Homogeneous material is material with the same prop­erties thrOU^OUL. ;

4. Het^ogewrou^'material is material consisting of parts with different properties.

5. Compound is a substance that can be decomposed into two or more substances.

6. Substance is a homogeneous species of matter with lefinite chemical composition.

7. Chemical reactions are the processes that convert sub- tances into other substances.

8. Alloy is a metallic material containing two or more lements.

Remember the following words and word combinations:

to; deal with property to undergo entirely to surround relationship external to introduce

composition to accompany to be concerned with equal

to discover discovery practically phenomena

to develop

development

origin

to-Леагп

substance

to exist

homogeneous

heterogeneous

to consist of

Ex. 9. Answer the following questions:

1. What do you know about chemistry? 2. What does chemistry study? 3. What does chemistry deal with? 4. Why is chemistry one of the fundamental sciences? 5. When did sufficient facts about chemistry appear? 6. When did modern chemistry begin? 7. Who was the first to study quantita­tively the relationship between the volume of a gas and the external pressure upon it? 8. What did Lavoisier introduce?

9. Who discovered regularities in the properties of the ele­ments? 10. What can you tell about the future of chemistry?

1. The definition of chemistry.

2. The relation of chemistry to other fields of science.

3. The origin of chemistry.

4. The great chemist Robert Boyle and his theory.

5. A. Avogadro’s formulation of molecules.

6. D. I. Mendeleyev’s Periodic Law.

7. Great scientists of the 19th century.

8. The future of chemistry.

Ex. 11. Find the line where all the words are adjectives:

1. chemical, naturally, fundamental;

2. entirely, practically, possible, physically;

3. possibly, artificially, entirely, naturally;

4. practically, artificially, original, possibly;

5. different, impossible, original.

Ex. 12. Find the pairs of antonyms and remember them:

internal, to appear, natural, old, to disappear, artifici­al, new, external.

Ex. 13. Find the pairs of synonyms and remember them:

to deal with, to change, to start, field, to be concerned with, to alter, branch, to begin.

Ex. 14. Give the Past Indefinite Tense of the following verbs:

to learn, to deal with, to accompany, to create, to study, to change, to undergo, to place, to take, to begin, to contain, to make, to go, to be.

Ex. 15. Find the sentences where the word “change” is a predicate:

1. This is an example of a chemical change, since a chemi­cal change results in permanent changes of properties. 2. The properties of this substance change when we heat it. 3. The change from one state into another was accompanied by the evolution of heat. 4. The colour of the solution changed after the reaction. 5. Great changes took place in our laboratory, it became one of the largest in our institute. 6. Nuclear changes may be shown by equations. 7. One form of energy may be changed into another. 8. The temperature at which the exper­iments were made changed between room temperature and 1,400 deg. C.

Ex. 16. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the dib ferent meanings of the word “matter":

1. Mass is the quantity of matter in a special specimen.

2. Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with dif-

ferent substances or varieties of matter. 3. It is a matter of common observation that matter exists in three states.

4. Though this substalice is of organic origin it is still a matter of some doubt whether it is of animal or vegetable origin. 5. As a matter of fact this discovery was not a new one, but still it was very interesting. 6. No matter what results we get we shall continue our work. 7. It doesn’t matter when he comes, we shall begin our experiment without him, and later we shall show him the results. 8. Changes in matter can’t be without changes in energy. 9. Matter is that which makes up the uni­verse, matter is the reality. 10. It is known that mass is a quantity of matter that makes a body. 11. The concentration of mineral matter in sea water slowly increases. 12. Sea water contains approximately 3.6 per cent of mineral matter in solution. 13/The forms of motion of matter are diverse.

Ex. 17. Translate the sentences paying attention to the words in bold type:

1. The article dealt with the changes which took place during the reaction. 2. Lomonosov devoted his life to the de­velopment of Russian science. 3. It doesn’t matter what meth­od we will employ in our work. 4. Different matters can be classified according to their properties. 5. The students of these two departments attend the same lectures. 6. The science that is concerned with the composition of bodies and with the changes of composition they undergo is chemistry. 7. It is a matter of common observation that discovery of the electron was the beginning of a new era in all the sciences. 8. 'inorganic chemistry is concerned with mineral substances, organic chem­istry deals with the compounds of carbon. 9. The experi­mental method involves some observations of phenomena which take place in nature. 1(T Chemical reactions are accom­panied by definite changes in energy.

Ex. 18. Translate the words in the brackets into English:

1. Chemistry is the science which (рассматривает) with materials and their properties. 2. We think that the exhibi­tion of our achievements (состоится) at the end of September.

3. This scientist (внес большой вклад) both in chemistry and physics. 4. All his life he worked in the field of chemistry, and we can say that he (посвятил) his life to science. 5. All the changes which (сопровождали) this reaction play a very important role. 6. Later Lavoisier (ввел) the concept of the chemical elements. 7. Though these two teams work under (одинаковые) conditions the results of their work are

different. 8. This article (касается) the development of our industry.

Ex. 19. Translate the text using a dictionary. Reproduce the text:

Analytical chemistry deals with the methods of separation. Synthetic chemistry deals with the methods by which complex bodies can be built from simpler substances. Physical chemis­try deals with changes,of state and with the motions of mole­cules. But at the present time the scientists don’t maintain this definition.

The discovery of X-rays, an electron, and radioactivity marked a new enj.iij all sciences and in chemistry. It was a very important discovery in science. It plays an important part in the development of geology and physiology, in technology and in chemical engineering.

Chemistry deals with medicine and agriculture as they are all concerned with the properties and changes of chemical substances.

Ex. 20. Read the text and discuss it: