Notes on the Text
more than once — не раз
a large number of — большое количество
TEXT. SOVIET ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE
V Soviet science has more than once achieved outstanding successes in major areas of world scientific and technological progress.
The goal set by the Party is clear, it is a sharp turn of the country towards intensive development by accelerating scientific and technical progress.
Our scientists and inventors have enriched science and technology with great achievements and brought fame to Soviet science.
/Many discoveries of great theoretical and practical signif- icance nave been made in our country recently. They deal with various fields of science such as chemistry, physics, biology, metallurgy and so on.
vln the field of chemistry our scientists have created new polymers, which possess valuable properties for our industry. Thus one kilogram of polymer constructional material can replace four to five kilograms of rolled ferrous metals. The production of one ton of plastic parts requires two or three times less energy than the manufacture of the same amount of metal parts.
yOur great scientist N. N. Semenov has made, great discow eries in the field of chain reactions., He has formulated the- theory of chemical chain, branched reactions.
vN. D. Zelinsky’s works have formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new compounds.,
'A team of Soviet researchers has evolved a new method of extracting phenol and aceton from benzene and propylene.
A very interesting experiment has been carried out by the research workers of the Institute of High Pressure Physics. This experiment has resulted in obtaining metallic hydrogen, which possesses very important properties, namely the property^ superconductivity at high temperatures.,
Another great discovery has been made in the Kurchatov Nuclear Energy Institute by V. Mostovoy, the head of the Neutron Physics Laboratory, His research is concerned with an analysis of the probability of isomeric U-35 fission, when interacting with thermal or slow neutrons. For his work he was awarded the Kurchatov Gold Medal. Soviet scientists are occupied with ecological problems. They have drawn up a large programme of experiments dealing with environmental pollution. They have investigated the state of the air and water, the changes in climate and weather as a result of extensive environmental pollution.
Outstanding investigations have been made in the field of space.
Soviet space research has opened a whole new era of scientific knowledge. Great successes in space research have been the result of experimental activity of our scientists.
Our scientists, engineers, cosmonauts have carried out_ a
series of investigations in space science. ТЬеУ ЛП®,оЬа1 to explore outer space for peaceful purposes, to study global
natural phenomena and resources.
Remember the following words and word combinations:
chain
a
large number of to evolve to result in to interact state
to
explore
outstanding
success major areas to set invention inventor to enrich
Ex 13. Answer the following questions:
Ex.
14, Choose
the
English equivalents from the right column:
исследовать
с тех nop
недавно
иметь дело значение различный проводить
требовать
ряд
приводить
к
развитие
наука
выполнять
ценный
включать
развивать
to
deal with
to
involve
recently
to
investigate
a
number of
valuable
to
result in
to
carry out
science
to
require
development
various
significance
to
evolve
since
to
carry on
Ex. 15. Retell the text according to the following plan:
The achievements of the Soviet scientists.
New discoveries.
New polymers.
N. N. Semenov and N. D. Zelinsky.
Discoveries in nuclear physics.
The achievements of the Soviet science in the field of space investigations.
Ex. 16. Open the brackets using the correct tense:
1. Every day our research-workers (carry on, have carried on) great research work. 2. This year our plant (has produced, produces) many new products which are better than those which (are produced, were produced, have been produced) last year. 3. They (solved, have solved) that problem two months ago. 4. They already (completed, have completed) their investigation. 5. He (hasn’t worked, didn’t work) at this problem since he left our Institute. 6. I (have never been, was) in Dubna. 7. Last year they (applied, have applied) that new method. 8. Recently a group of scientists (has created, created) a new accelerator. 9. Next year our scientists (have solved, will solve) many new problems. 10. Now he (is carrying out, has carried out) an experiment.
Ex. 17. Translate the following adjectives, mind the suffixes:
scientific, valuable, theoretical, structural, various, important, chemical, industrial, useful, artificial.
Ex. 18. Read the text using a dictionary and give a summary of it:
Soviet scientists have discovered how to synthesize diamonds. L. F. Vereshchagin and his research group have developed this process. New industries are in need of super-hard materials, especially diamonds.
A diamond, like common graphite, is almost pure carbon. So, graphite and diamond are two forms of the same substance, but still their properties differ. Graphite is a black, non-transparent and light substance. It is a good conductor of electricity. A diamond is colourless, very hard, transparent and a nonconductor. This is explained by the difference in the structure of their crystals.
Ex. 19. Read the text without a dictionary, retell it:
The scientists have found out that a diamond is the hardest mineral. It is the most brilliant of all the minerals. Many industrial processes have become possible due to a diamond, for instance, metal-working.
Recently the Soviet scientists have discovered how to synthesize diamonds. It is a great success as new industries are in need of super-hard materials, diamonds in particular. Art! liciaJ diamonds are cheaper than natural ones and can be ap plied in many industries.
Ex. 20. Listen to the tape-recorded text and answer the teacher’s questions
Soviet scientists have made a great contribution to technological development.
The Communist Party and the Soviet Government have created conditions for scientific development, Soviet scientists have pioneered in research on the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, in space exploration.
Many Russian scientists are well known in the world. For example M. Lomonosov who has advanced science in Russia, N. Lobachevsky, V. Petrov and many others.
Chemistry developed rapidly in the second half of the 19th century. The works of A. Butlerov, D. Mendeleyev and many others contributed greatly to the development of Russian chemical science.
Ex. 21. Listen to the tape-recorded text and retell it in Russian:
The USSR is in favour of international cooperation in science and technology. The Soviet people are deeply convinced that such cooperation promotes peace and mutual understanding among nations and thus serves the interests of all mankind.
Soviet scientists maintain close contact with their colleagues in the socialist countries, both on a bilateral basis and within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
The Soviet Union, which is committed to the principles of peaceful coexistence of states with different social systems, is also for many-sided scientific-technical cooperation with the capitalist countries.
At present the Soviet Union cooperates in the scientific- technological and economic field with many countries of Western Europe, including France, Italy, Finland, Austria, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Canada and Japan.
The Soviet Union also maintains contacts with the developing nations to whom it renders considerable assistance in training scientific personnel, developing scientific research, establishing educational institutions, building hydroelectric power stations, factories and plants.
Ex. 22. Read the text and discuss it:
The 27th Congress of the CPSU holds a special place in the heroic history of the Party and the people. The Guidelines
for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1986-1990 and for the Period Ending in 2000 is an important political and economic document. ........
The draft specifies the programme tasks and aims that will have to be attained before the end of the present century.
Acceleration of the country’s social and economic development is a strategic task now. .
An important feature of the 12th five-year plan is 80 per cent growth in capital investments in the engineering complex, Special emphasis is being put on developing some branches that provide for qualitative changes in the technological level of the engineering industry.
In chemical industry the main stress is put on the replacement of metals by chemical materials. Manufacture of the latest types of plastics is to increase nearly six-fold.
The share of natural gas in the fuel and energy resources is to increase to 38 per cent.
Natural gas extraction will come chiefly from the Yamburg deposit. In the coal industry, open-cast mining is getting special attention.
The main task is to obtain 75-80 per cent of the growth rate of the needed fuel, energy, raw materials, metal and other materials by economising these materials. In the 12th five-year plan much attention is paid to new mineral fertilizers.
Intensification and scientific and technological progress are the keynotes of the structural policy in the 12th five-year- plan period.
Grammar:
The verbs to be to, to have to. Text:
Mendeleyev Chemico-Technological Institute.
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:
period
['pioriod] leadership [Ti-.dojip]!
catch
up ['kaetf 'лр]
caught
up ['ko:t 'лр]
behind
[bi'haind] hundred ['hAndrad] engineer [,end5i'mo]
plant [plant] type [taip] subject ['sAbdjikt] mathematics [,mae0i'm®tiks] foreign ['form] fortnight ['fo:tnait]
Ex. 2. Read the following word combinations: research centres [ri'sa:^ ?sentaz] well-equipped ['weli'kwipt]
Ex. 3. Read the following words, mind the stresses:
history [!histari]—historical [his'torikal] success [sak'ses]—successful [sak'sesful]
Ex. 4. Remember the meanings of the following words and word combine- tions:
to last — длиться, продолжаться
at last — наконец
to carry on — вести
to carry out — выполнять, проводить
to work (to work out) — работать (вырабатывать)
Study the following chart, remember the meaning of the verb “to be to”.
He
is to come at five, {today,
tomorrow)
They
were to take their exams last Monday.
He
was to speak to the director, {yesterday)
Ex. 5.
Compare the meanings of the verb “to be” in the following sen-
tences, translate the sentences into Russian:
1. The meeting is to take place in our Institute. 2. He is a second-year student. 3. There is a good library in our Institute.
She is speaking to the teacher now. 5. I was very busy yesterday. 6. They are to carry out many interesting experiments. 7. He was to return the book after the lecture.
Ex. 6. Translate the following sentences, mind the meanings of the verb “to have”:
1. We have many interesting books on chemistry. 2. We have already finished our work. 3. We have got two lectures today. 4. Have you seen him? 5. I have not read this book.
I
have to repeat this experiment, {the
results are bad)
He
has to stay at the office, (as
he has much work to do)
They
had to stop their work, (it
was late)
Study
and remember the following chart:
1. He has attended all the lectures this month. 2. He has to attend all the lectures this month. 3. The students have worked very well this summer. 4. The students have to work this summer. 5. He had finished translating the article by five o’clock. 6. He had to finish translating the article.
Ex. 8. Answer the following questions according to the model. (Work in pairs.)
Model: Have you read about this great chemist?
No, I haven’t read about him.
Yes, I have read about him.
1. Has your friend passed all his exams this term? 2. Have you ever attended his lectures? 3. Have you seen your friends since you left Moscow? 4. Have they solved this problem lately? 5. Has he taken part in the discussion at the meeting?
Ex. 9. Remember the following verbs:
catch—caught—caught; break—broke—broken; find-
found—found; found—founded—founded.
Notes on the Text
to catch up with — догонять
to leave behind — зд. обгонять
full-day-time students — студенты дневного отделения
to take exams — сдавать экзамены
TEXT. MENDELEYEV CHEM1CO-TECHNOLOG1CAL INSTITUTE
In a historically short period the Soviet people under the leadership of the Communist Party have not 'only caught up with the advanced capitalist countries in the field of education but even have left them behind.
Many new Universities, Institutes have been founded m our country. Among them the Chemico-Technological Institute named after the great Russian chemist D. I. Mendeleyev
is to be mentioned. t . , ,,
This Institute was founded in 1920 and since that time has grown into a big famous Institute. Every year hundreds of young engineers graduate from the Institute and go to different! ( cities and towns. They work at plants and research centres. They carry on research work at the Research Institutes. They create new types of materials, they work out new methods of production, they investigate substances.
Many famous chemists in all fields of chemistry have graduated from this Institute. There are full-day-time students as well as night-class students. The school year lasts from September till June. The first- and second-year students study such subjects as mathematics, structure of matter, general chemistry, physics, organic chemistry, history of the Communist Party, philosophy, a foreign language and some other subjects. The third-year students study such subjects as analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, political economy and a number of other subjects.
The students have to take their exams twice a year and then they have their vacation. Besides lectures and practical classes the students work in the laboratories. There are some well-equipped modern labs where the students carry out their experiments and do their research work. There is a good library and reading rooms in the Institute. Almost all the students go in for sports.
For its successful work and great achievements the Institute is awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of Red Banner.
different
plant '
research
centre to work out to last . subject
to
take exams
leadership
^ o' ' to catch up with even ’ ' f'Li'
to
leave behind to mention to grow (grewpr
grown)
to
graduate from
fortnight
besides well-equipped to go in for sports successful
Ex. 10. Answer the following questions:
When was the Chemico-Technological Institute founded? 2. Where do young engineers work when they graduate from the Institute? 3. What scientists do you know who graduated from this Institute? 4. How long does the school year last? 5. What subjects do the first-year students study? 6. When do the students take their exams? 7. What do the students do during their vacations? 8. What do the students do in the laboratories? 9. What orders was the Institute awarded?
Ex. 11. Translate the following words of the same root:
to found, foundation, founder; research, researcher; to differ, difference, different; to develop, development; to achieve, achievement; to equip, equipment, equipped.
to
work out to carry out to carry on it takes to take exams to leave
behind a number of
обгонять
вырабатывать
вести
выполнять
ряд
сдавать
экзамены требуется
1. They had founded that new research centre by the end of the year. 2. He carries on his research work in the laboratory of analytical chemistry. 3. Last year a great number of young people graduated from Institutes. 4. They had a very interesting lecture on chemistry yesterday. 5. He will take his exams at the end of May. 6. He hasn’t been to Moscow since he graduated from the University. 7. They have to finish their work as soon as possible. 8. D. I. Mendeleyev devoted all his life to chemistry. 9. Our meetings usually take place on Mondays. 10. The Soviet government has founded a number of Institutes in different Soviet republics.
Ex. 14. Listen to the tape-recorded text and discuss it:
Oxford and Cambridge are the two great universities in England. Oxford and Cambridge are almost identical. Oxford is the oldest of these two universities.
A characteristic feature of these universities, is their association with the higher ranks of society.
Oxford consists of 'several colleges. Both in Oxford and Cambridge there is a Tutorial System, that is every student has a tutor, who plans his work, helps him to study.
It should be noted that women couldn’t enter these universities till the end of the 19th century.
Grammar:
1. The Passive Voice.
2.
The adverb hardly. Text:
D. I. Mendeleyev.
Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words and word combinations:
Siberia [sai'biaria] significance [sig'mfikans]
gymnasium [d3im'neizj9m] supervision [,sju:pa vi3n]
especially [is'pejah] Pedagogical Institute [,peda- 'godgikl 'institju:t] university [Ju:m'va:siti] thesis ['0i:sis] alcohol f'aelkahol] theoretical [Oia'retikal]
Periodic Law [,piari'odik 'b:}i contribution [,kontrTbju;J‘nli numerous ['njuimarasj ‘ theory ['Gian] patriot ['peitrat] proud [praud]
Ex. 2. Read the following word combinations: especially liked [is'pejali 'laiktj at the age of [at 61 'eidg av]
physico-mathematical department ['fizikou ,mae0i'm£etikfo)l di'pci:tmant] v'
Doctor of Science degree ['doktar av ^saians di'grii practical significance ['praektikal sig'mfikans] present the work [pri'zent Ba 'wa:k] a new era [a 'nju: Тэта] thankful to ['0ser)kful ta]
Ex. 3. Use the Passive Voice according to the model:
Model: A. Will you use this solvent in your work?
B. No, it has already been used.
Will he explain this new method to them? 2. Do you want to find out the melting point of this substance? 3 Will they evaporate this solution? 4. Is he going to translate this article this week?
1.
This book is translated into many languages, o'
analySIS
was
examined by our students.
The
new laboratory will be built next year
Many
new houses are being built in our town.
b.
When I came to this town our Institute was being built. 6
the
suffix “-ed” is a
They produced many new goods at our plant 2 This new material was produced at our plant. 3. He carried out his first experiment at the age of 18. 4. Great research work is
ibetiri+larned0^ bry our students- 5- D. I. Mendeleyev formu- d the Periodic Law. 6. This law opened ’a new era in chem-
Istry 7. The articles were translated by our student^ 8. He was appointed professor of the physico-chemical department. 9. All the samples will be carefully examined. 10. The work was presented in time.
Ex. 5. Translate the following sentences into Russian]
Note: и a I ТРУДНЫЙ> упорный
narfl ^ упорно, много hardly—едва, вряд ли
There is hardly anybody who doesn’t know the properties of oxygen. 2. His work was very hard. 3 . He worked very hard and passed all his exams well. 4. There is hardly any living substance which does not consist of compounds contain-, ing oxygen. 5. Though he spoke very slowly I could hardly understand him as my English was very poor at the time. 6. The text was very hard and we could hardly understand it.
Ex. 6. Use the Passive Voice according to the model:
Model: They gave her an interesting article.
She was given an interesting article.
I met them in our Institute yesterday. 2. She offered him this work. 3. They invited her to the meeting. 4. We held the meeting in our hall. 5. The students used some solvents for their experiments. 6. He wrote a very good report.
Ex. 7. Translate the following sentences into Russian:
Note:
present
— данный;
настоящий; присутствующий at
present
— в
настоящее время to
be
present
— присутствовать
to
present
— представлять