Notes on the Text

1. In order to — для того чтобы

2. That is (I. E.) — то есть

3. To take into account — принимать во внимание text. The measurements in chemistry

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In order to understand j the/quantitative relationships which exist between Various kindspT matter, the'cHemist who is interested in matter and the changes which it undergoes, has to measure the quantities of matter with which he works, that is since mass is the measure of the quantity of matter, he is to measure mass. The measuring device the chemist is to employ in this determination should be the balance.

Since for every chemical change there is always accomna-■ nying energy change which the chemist has to take into ac­count, the calorimeter and the thermometer have to be used.

The chemist usually employs graduated cylinders, bur­ettes, pipettes and volumetric flasks for the measurements of volumes of liquids, and the gas burette for the measurement of volumes of gases.

The chemist employs the barometer if he has to measure the pressure. - '

The analytical chemist and the physical chemist employ

such devices as calorimeters, polarimeters, refractometers and a number of electrical, devices. ,.

If the chemist is to examine very small sample!; of matter, he should use a microscope. The microscope is an instrument which by the combination of lenses permits man to see objects which are too small to be seen with a naked eye. It is an imiru- ment which^is useful in many sciences and which, although more frequently used in a qualitative $ay, can also be used quantitatively.

The Metric System

The fundamental unit of the metric system is the metre. The millimetre and centimetre are the units which the chemist uses very frequently in his work.

If one is to measure extremely short distances, the micron is to be used.

The unit of mass is the gram, milligram or the kilogram. The unit of the heat measurement is the calorie.

in order to

matter

to measure

that is (i.e.)

determination

balance

to accompany

to take into account

burette

pipette

to examine

sample

to permit

object

useful

although

frequently

qualitative

unit

short

distance

volume

Remember the following words and word combinations:

Ex. 10. Answer the questions according to the model:

Model: What is the crucible used for?

It is used for heating.

1. What is the thermometer used for? 2. What is the bal­ance used for? 3. What is the calorimeter used for? 4. What is the microscope used for?

Ex. 11. Answer the following questions:

1. What relationship exists between various kinds of mat­ter? 2. What is the chemist to do if he wants to understand the quantitative relationships between various kinds of matter?

3. What does the chemist use balances for? 4. When does the chemist use a calorimeter and thermometer? 5. What is it necessary to use in order to measure volumes? 6. What de­vices do the analytical and physical chemists use? 7. What

4. device does the chemist use if he wants to examine very small samples of matter? 8. What is the fundamental unit of the metric system? 9, When can the micron be used? 10. What is the unit of volume? 11. What is the unit of the heat measure­ment?

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences, mind the verbs^

1. They had to use balances in their work. 2. He was to determine the relationships between these two substances. 3. You should take into account all the results of your first exper­imental work. 4. In order to determine the definite weight some of the samples have to be examined. 5. Students should know that barometers can be of two types, that is (i.e.) mercu­rial and aneroid. 6. The quantity of the sample is to be meas­ured before the experiment. 7. Various instruments are to be employed if chemists want to get necessary results. 8. Some balances are much more sensitive than others and chemists should take this fact into account. 9. Students have to know the metric system. 10. When a chemist finishes his work he is to put the analytical balance into a special glass box. 11. For a number of reasons, mercury is to be used in barometers. 12. Everything has to be put in order when you finish your experiments in the laboratory. 13. The industry spread to areas where coal had to be used.

Ex. 13. Find the pairs of synonyms and remember them:

matter, various, main, quantity, often, different, use, amount, employ, frequently, substance, fundamental

Ex. 14. Give the missing forms of the following verbs:

understood, understanding undergo, undergoing

take, taken use, used

raise, raised

Ex. 15. Open the brackets choosing the suitable word. Translate the sen- tences into Russian:

1. (A balance, a calorimeter, a thermometer) is a device which determines the quantity, but not the quality of heat in a body. 2. If a chemist determines mass, he is to employ (a flask, a thermometer, a balance). 3. (A calorimeter, a flask, a microscope) is used if a chemist must examine small samples of matter. 4. For the measurement of volumes of gases a chem­ist uses (burettes, pipettes, gas burettes). 5* The unit of (volume, mass) in the metric system is the gram. 6. On (the Centigrade scale, the Fahrenheit scale) the freezing point of

water is 0°. 7. If a chemist must measure extremely short dis­tances, (the centimetre, the micron) is to be used.

Ex. 16. Find the words having similar sound forms and the same mean­ings both in Russian and in English:

various, change, thermometer, cylinder, gas, sample, mi­croscope, examine, centimetre, metre, gram, distance, vol­ume, litre, heat, calorie, temperature, millimetre, frequently.

relationship to undergo to take into account flask

determination

подвергаться принять во внимание отношение, связь измерение колба

Ex. 17. Choose the Russian equivalents from the right column:

Ех. 18. Read and retell the text:

Fig. 5. A com­parison of a few points on the Centigrade and Fahrenheit scales.

A thermometer is a device which is used to determine the temperature of a body. Two bodies of unequal size may have the same temperature; the bigger contains more heat, but the quality of the heat in each is the same. Thermometers take many forms, the commonest of which is tne mer­cury-bulb variety.

Therd are two scales—Centigrade and Fahrenheit.

On the Fahrenheit scale the freezing point of water is marked as 32° and the boiling point of water as 212°. On the Centigrade scale the freezing point of water is called 0° and its boiling point 100° (see Fig. 5). Thus, 130 divisions on the Fahrenheit scale are equal to 100 divisions on the Centigrade scale, and 1°F=5/9°C.

If the chemist wants to convert temper­atures from one scale to the other, the fol­lowing formulas are to be used:

C = 5/9(F—32) and F = 9/5C + 32

Ex. 19. Translate the text and answer the questions that follow:

The Balance

If the chemist is to determine mass, he should use a bal­ance. The balance is an instrument which is used when it is necessary to compare known masses with unknown masses.

Some balances are much more sensitive than others, that is, some can detect smaller differences in mass than others. This sensitivity depends upon several factors. In the first place, the sensitivity increases as the length of the beam increases, and secondly, the sensitivity increases as the mass of the object on the pan increases. Thirdly, the sensitivity increases as the weight of the beam decreases.

In the average chemical laboratory there are usually thre£ types of balances. The analytical balance is the most sensitive, It is kept in a glass case, in a special balance room, where the temperature is constant. Hot or cold objects shouldn’t be placed on such a balance and the glass case should be closed,

1. When is the chemist to use a balance?

2. What is a balance?

3. Which balance is the most sensitive?

4. Where is the analytical balance to be kept?

Ex. 20. Read and retell the text:

Very often a chemist has to measure volumes of liquids. The commonest instrument is the graduated cylinder. On the side of it one can see scratches. They correspond to millilitres. The cylinder has a lip so that its contents may be poured easi­ly into another container.

The volumetric flask is used for the preparation of solu­tions.

The burette and the pipette are used in quantitative ana­lysis and other quantitative work. The burette is a glass tube, open at the top end. The pipette has a scratch on the neck. This scratch is the mark to which it can be filled.

Ex. 21. Translate the text in written form, mind modal verbs:

The chemical industry needs instruments for accurate measuring. Good measuring instruments are able to give rap­id results. Without modern instrumentation chemical pro­cesses were often controlled by a human operator who had to decide what needed to be done. It was rather difficult to do. The results had often to be checked thoroughly. There are many different kinds of measuring instruments and there is much information about the instruments which are to be used in chemical plants. The purpose of all measuring devices is to control a chemical reaction. In a process controlled by a human operator, the temperature, for example, can be read from a thermometer. The operator is to decide whether the tempera­ture is all right. Then he has to make some measurements. In the automated system, some mechanical or electrical device

the human operator to decide whether a process needed and, it so, the extent of the necessary cor-

must replace correction is rection.

LESSON 11

Grammar: 1. Participle 1, Participle II.