1. This semiconductor was used in this device by our re­search-workers.

2. It is this semiconductor that was used in this device by our research-workers.

3. Our research-workers used this semiconductor in this device.

2. Именно этот ученый обнаружил необычные свойства этого типа стекла.

1. This scientist revealed the peculiar properties of this type of glass.

2. The peculiar properties of this type of glass were re­vealed by this scientist.

3. It was this scientist who revealed the peculiar proper­ties of this type of glass.

Ex. 5. Translate the sentences into Russian, mind the use of “for”:

1. This new machine has been working for twelve hours without stopping. 2. This semiconductor was used for the first time at our plant. 3. The use of charcoal and other ad­sorbents for the removal of impurities from a substance in solution has long been common practice. 4. For this reason this material couldn’t be used as a conductor. 5. There is one use for which the carbon lamp suits better than the tungsten lamp. 6. Photoelectric cells are known to be used for detecting flaws in certain products. 7. For centuries glass was used for jewelry, ornaments and mosaic.

Ex. 6. Remember the meaning of the following words:

feature — черта, особенность thorough — тщательный, ос- future—будущее новательный

low—низкий through —через

law—закон

Ex. 7. Form the nouns corresponding to the following verbs:

to produce, to define, to lengthen, to distribute, to inves­tigate, to require, to expect, to conduct, to classify, to resist, to use, to develop, to establish.

Notes on the Text

1. the investigations are known to have yielded.** — известно, что ис­следования дали...

2. a final product — конечный продукт

3. this glass was found to differ — было обнаружено, что это стекло отличается

Ai it was the logical outcome — это было логическим следствием (ре­зультатом)

5. far lower — гораздо ниже

6. they can be classed with — их можно поставить в один ряд

у<=:-о*.г.'

TEXT. SOME SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS

It was the Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad that first began investigating solid solutions of semiconducting, compounds such as,metal sulphides, selenides and tellurides. The object of the research was to obtain new semiconducting materials for the industry. ,,

The investigations are known to have yielded interesting" results. A synthesis of these compounds gave a final product which turned out to be an amorphous material whose physico­chemical properties were similar to those of glass. This glass was found to differ from the conventional oxide glass only in colour.

It has long been established that alloys of crystalline oxides of certain metals form a wide range of glasses. If alloys of metal "oxides form glasses, it would be natural to expect that their chemical analogues, namely, sulphides, selenides and tellurides should also form glasses. Therefore, the new inter­esting result obtained was by no means surprising or acci­dental. On the contrary it was the logical outcome of the effort.

To distinguish this group of glasses from the conventional oxide glasses we shall call them chalcogenous glasses. It has to be noted that there is no gap between oxide and chalcogenous glasses.

According to D. I. Mendeleyev glass is a supercooled liquid. This definition has been widely confirmed. It has been shown that by creating a set of required conditions for cooling a melt it is possible to obtain in glassy form many substances surrounding us. However, as a rule they are ob­tained in very small quantities.

Until recently glass as a material for practical use was represented only in the form of oxide glasses. Today we can speak of the advent of another class of glasses—of a new mate­rial for a wide range of uses. What are the properties of those glasses?

If we considered the properties of chalcogenous glasses we could see that they could be distinguished for their transpar­ency, the region of this transparency covering a range from

1. 7 to at least 25 micrones. When compared with the oxide glasses they have a far lower softening point. They do not

react to moisture, acids or organic solvents. They are soluble in alkalies. They are distinguished for their stability.

It would be interesting to state that they can be classed with typical semiconductors. Their conductivity turned out to reach the conductivity which is 1,000 times higher than that of such classical semiconductor as crystalline selenium.

Having carried out a series of experiments the scientists learned that the conduction of glass was of a purely electronic character that is why this new class of substances might be called ‘Vitreous semiconductors”. A very important feature of these semiconductors is high radiation resistance. The conduc­tivity of vitreous semiconductors is hardly affected by any form of radiation.

Vitreous semiconductors were applied in electronics for their photoelectric properties. They were first used in TV tubes. Thanks to their radiation resistance tubes working on vitreous semiconductors are the only ones that are suitable for operation in outer space. Vitreous semiconductors are now being used for the development of a technique for obtaining a photographic image without the use of chemicals. Many In­stitutes and scientists are conducting thorough investigations on vitreous semiconductors.

it was he who yield v, n final(ly) to differ alloy

on the contrary

outcome

to distinguish

conventional

gap

definition

as a rule to confirm transparency far lower to soften soft

moisture

semiconductor

vitreous

feature

to resist

resistance

radiation

thanks to

suitable

operation

to operate

to conduct

conduction

conductivity

Remember the following words and word combinations

Ex. 8. Answer the following questions:

2. What did the Physico-Technical Institute in Leningrad first begin to investigate? 2. What was the object of this re­search? 3. What was the final product? 4. What do the alloys of crystalline oxides of certain metals form? 5. What glasses are called chalcogenous? 6. What is glass according to D.I. Men­deleyev? 7. What types of glasses do you know? 8. What are the properties of chalcogenous glasses? 9. What is the dif­ference between oxide and chalcogenous glasses? 10. What is

HQ

the conduction of glass? 11. What class of substances can we call “vitreous semiconductors”? 12. What are the properties of vitreous semiconductors?

Ex. 9. Find the pairs of antonyms and remember them:

hard, solid, wide, liquid, cool, low, narrow, heat, big, small, suitable, soft, high, unsuitable.

Ex. 10. Find the pairs of synonyms and remember them:

thanks to, to get, to require, finally, to obtain, usual, due to, to demand, at last, ordinary.

Ex. 11. Translate the words in the brackets into English:

1. A synthesis of these compounds gave а (окончательный) product which turned to be an amorphous material. 2. (Цель) of this research was to obtain new semiconducting materials for the industry. 3. (Чтобы отличить) this group of glasses from the conventional oxide glasses we shall call them chalco­genous glasses. 4. (Наконец) it has been shown that it is possible to obtain in glassy form many substances surrounding us. 5. However, (как правило) these glasses are obtained in very small quantities. 6. When compared with the oxide glasses these glasses have (гораздо более низкую) softening point. 7, (Благодаря) to their radiation resistance tubes work­ing on vitreous semiconductors are suitable for operation in outer space. 8. The (проводимость) of vitreous semicon­ductors is hardly affected by (любой) form of radiation.

Ex. 12. Choose the Russian equivalents from the right column:

suitable to soften to manifest that’s why stability by no means finally as a rule moisture

наконец

никоим образом

устойчивость

поэтому

проявлять

пригодный

размягчать

влага

как правило

Ex. 13. Retell the text according to the following plan:

1. Investigation of semiconducting materials.

2. The results of this investigation.

3. The formation of glasses.

4. Chalcogenous glasses, their properties.

5. The definition of glass.

6. The difference between oxide and chalcogenous glasses.

Ш

7. Vitreous semiconductors.

8. The application of vitreous semiconductors.

Ex* 14. Find the English equivalents of the following Russian words and word combinations in the text:

1. именно Физико-технический институт в Ленинграде

2. конечный продукт

3. наоборот, это было логическое следствие

4. а именно

б. чтобы отличить эту группу

6. следует отметить

7. до недавнего времени стекло как материал

8. проводимость оказалась

9. очень важная особенность этих полупроводников

10. любой формой радиации

11. тщательное исследование

Ех. 15. Read the following, find the Participles and retell the text:;

The USSR Academy of Sciences and the academies of sci­ences of some socialist countries are conducting work on vit­reous semiconductors.

Soviet scientist B. Kolomiets, who was born in 1908, was working in the field of solid state physics. Having graduated from the Institute, he got interested in this problem. For some years he has been working inthefieldof complex semiconduc­tors. He is known to have discovered a new class of glasses in general and vitreous semiconductors in particular. He is the author of a well-known work “Vitreous Semiconductors”.

Ex. 16. Translate the text and render it:

Chalcogenous glasses and vitreous semiconductors have been discovered by the Laboratory of Photoelectric Phenomena of the Physico-Technical Institute.

Vitreous semiconductors were first applied in electronics for their photoelectric properties. In vitreous semiconductors the photoelectric effect manifests itself in a wide range of wave-length.

The telecast conducted from the Vostok-2 piloted by H. Ti­tov was realized with the help of a tube working on vitreous semiconductors. This was also the case with the Soyuz-3 pilot­ed by G. Beregovoi.

TV tubes for transmitting images on the basis of the photo­electric effect had been introduced before the advent of vit­reous semiconductors. But the vitreous semiconductors are known to have considerably improved their sensitivity.

Grammar: 1. The Getund.

2. The use of any.

3. The . . . the + Adjectives. Text: Liquids.

ИЗ

LESSON 16

Ex. 1, Pronounce the following words:

generate ['djenareit] closeness ['klousmsj viscosity [vis'kositi] fluidity [flu:'iditi] opposite ['opazit] average ['aevarids] interior [in'tiora]

intermediate [^nta'miidjot] contrast ['kontraest] require [ri'kwaia] characteristics [^kaerikta'ris- tiks]

layer [lea] disturb [dis'ta:b] gasoline ['geesoli’.n]

Ex. 2. Read the following word combinations;

intermediate position, gaseous state, in contrast to, kinetic energy, gradually mixing, a homogeneous solution, much closer together, the opposite of viscosity, increases with tempera­ture, within the interior, definite temperature, at any given in­stant, escaping of molecules, through the surface layer.

1. Before leaving the laboratory he cleaned his labo­ratory bench.

2. After finishing his work he left the Institute.

3. His work resulted in discovering this new pheno­menon.

Study and remember the following chart:

to account for—объяснять, отвечать

to depend on—зависеть от; полагаться на, рассчиты­вать

to give up—бросать, отка­зываться

to go on—продолжать to insist on—настаивать

to be responsible for—быть ответственным за что-л. to result from — проистекать to result in — приводить к to succeed in—удаваться to stop, to finish — прекра­щать, остановить to start, to begin—начинать

Ex. 3. Remember the following verbs after which the Gerund is gene rally used:

to prevent from—мешать, не допускать

Ex. 4. Remember the following prepositions after which the Gerund is often used:

on account of — из-за, вслед- besides—кроме

ствие due to—-благодаря

in addition to — кроме того, in spite of — несмотря на к тому же because of — из-за

Ex. 5. Change the following sentences as in the models:

Model I: 1. He will wash glassware before he leaves.

3. He will wash glassware before leaving.

1. We shall discuss this plan before we begin our work. 2. Before I translate the article I shall read it thoroughly.

Model II: After school he began to attend high courses.

After school he began attending high courses.

1. As he was tired he stopped to read the report and left for home. 2. They started to make experiments in the second year.

4. They finished to look through the papers as soon as they had found the article concerned. 4. As I am very busy I can’t continue to attend these lectures.

Model III: When he came into the laboratory he came up to me. (on)

On coming into the laboratory he came up to me.

1. You can get better results if you repeat the analysis. (by) 2. He will be able to translate the article after he repeats all the words, (after) 3. When he leaves the office he usually locks the door, (on) 4. Excuse me that I came so late, (for)

Ex. 6. Use the Gerund of the verbs in brackets:

1. On (to get) good results he will inform me. 2. He suc­ceeded in (to find) the book he needed. 3. His work resulted in (to discover) new elements.

Ex. 7. Translate the sentences into Russian, mind the Gerunds:

1. Solid bodies have the property of keeping their shape without supporting of a vessel. 2. Upon being heated, the molecules begin moving very quickly. 3. If two glass rods are charged by rubbing them with silk, it is possible to watch a very interesting phenomenon. 4. Without being treated this substance cannot be used. 5. At last our research-workers succeeded in getting good results. 6. The teacher insists on carrying out this experiment in our laboratory. 7. Upon carry­ing out a number of experiments our students solved many interesting problems. 8. By using this law we define a unit charge of electricity. 9. Heating the wire from 0° to 100° in­creases its resistance approximately by 40%. 10. This exper­iment shows the increase of reaction velocity with increasing temperature.

Ex. 8. Translate the following sentences according to the model:

Model: The higher the temperature, the greater is the amount of heat evolved.

Чем выше температура, тем больше количе­ство выделяемого тепла.

1. The stronger the acid, the greater is the tendency to lose protons. 2. The stronger the magnification, the greater is the possibility to detect whether the body is homogeneous. 3. The faster an object moves, the greater is the air resistance. 4. The lower the atomic weight or atomic number of the inert gas, the lower are its boiling and melting points. 5. The larger the diameter, the smaller is the resistance and hence, the more current will flow through it. 6. The greater the difference in temperature between two points, the more heat will flow per second. 7. The greater the number of free elec­trons in a substance, the better that substance is a conductor of electricity.

Ex. 9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the mean­ings of “any”:

1. At any temperature the molecules of gases can have the same kinetic energy. 2. Any body when heated to a sufficient high temperature becomes a source of light. 3. There is hardly anybody who doesn’t know this law. 4. In any chemical compound the algebraic sum of the valence charges, or num­bers, must be zero. 5. Give us any book on the history of Rus­sian culture. 6. Have you got any new devices in your lab­oratory? 7. They couldn’t get any articles dealing with the development of rubber industry. 8. Any student who is in­terested in research work can take part in the work of our scientific society. 9. Many of the metals occur more extensively in silicates than in any other compounds, but the silicates are not used so extensively as ores because of difficulties in­volved in the production of the metals. 10. The classification of a particular element as a metal is based on a consideration of all

its properties rather than any single property. 11 •_ Having entered the laboratory, I couldn’t see anybody at first as it was very dark there. 12. This substance is to be purified before using, at any rate.