Some Facts about Chemistry

The science of chemistry deals with substances. Chemistry is the investigation and discussion of the properties of sub­stances.

Common examples of substances are: water, sugar, salt, copper, iron and many others.

Chemists study substances in order to learn as much as they can about their properties and about the reactions that change them into other substances. This knowledge is very important as it can make the world a better place to live in, it can make people happier, it can raise their standard of living.

Chemists discovered many laws, investigated many im­portant phenomena in life. They produced many artificial substances which have valuable properties.

Chemistry has two main aspects: descriptive chemistry, the discovery of chemical facts, and theoretical chemistry, the formulation of theories.

The broad field of chemistry may also be divided in other ways. An important division of chemistry is that into the branches of organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry.

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of car­bon that occur in plants and animals.

Inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of

elements other than carbon. Each of these branches of chem­istry is in part descriptive and in part theoretical.

Ex. 21. Listen to the tape-recorded text and retell it in Russian:

„hSt^mn^tryJ^{S 3 vei}7 ^la[^{ge sub}i^ect' Chemistry is a complex subject It is the investigation and discussion of the properties of substances, ^ ^F

If we ask why do we study chemistry, the answer can be it is through chemistry we obtain the knowledge of mat­ter, its changes and transformations.

Everyone understands that science of chemistry plays an important part in the modern world.

Chemistry plays an important part in the development of other sciences such as physics, biochemistry, geology and a lot of other fields of science. Soviet scientists made a great contribution to the development of chemical science. The pioneers of Soviet chemical science are: N. Kurnakov, N. Ze- linsky A. Favorsky, A. Arbuzov. Everybody ■ knows such great Russian chemists as A. Butlerov, D. Mendeleyev N. Se- menov and many others.

Grammar: 1. The Perfect Tense Forms (Present, Past and Future).

rri , _c . , ²- The Suffixes of the Nouns and Adjectives.

1 e x t. Soviet Achievements in Science.

Ex. I. Pronounce the following words:

major ['meidja] area ['earn] goal [goul] towards [ta'wD:dz] enrich [in'ritf] significance [sig'nifikans] biology [bai'oladsi] metallurgy [me'taela:-

valuable ['vasljuablj synthesize [ 'smGisaiz]

extract [iks'traekt] phenol ['fi.-nolj acetone ['aesitoun] benzene f'benzim] propylene ['proupilim] hydrogen ['haidrid5(a)n] superconductivity siu:pa- ,kon-dAk'tiviti] interact [,intar'$kt] climate f^klaimit] weather ['we3a] knowledge ['ralid3] purpose ['pa: pas]

LESSON 4

outstanding success ['aut'staendig sak'ses] constructional material [kon'strAk,fonl mo'tioml] technological progress [Декпэ'Ьйз1кэ1 'prougres] rolled ferrous metals [ rould 'feras 'metlz] valuable properties ['vaeljuabl 'propatiz]

Ex. 3. Read the following words, mind the stresses:

metal ['metl] metallic [mi'taehk]

industry ['indastri] industrial [in'dAstrial]

value ['vaelju:] valuable ['vaeljuabl]

Study and remember the following charts:

1. 

   № 1

   № 2

   № 3

   He has graduated from the University.

2. He has never been to Moscow.

3. They have already finished their work.

4. She has not seen us since 1972.

5. We have carried out many experiments lately.

6. He has just come.

1. By two o’clock he had finished this work.

2. When he came into the laboratory they had already finished their experiment.

3. He said that they had finished their work.

1. They will have built this house by the end of the year.

2. By the time he returns we shall have carried out a number of experiments and shall begin the second part of our work.

Ex. 4. Make up the sentences using Perfect Tenses. Mind charts 1, 2, 3

1. He	never to see	such research laboratories.
2. 1	not to visit him	since he finished school.
3. They	to pass	their exams by 3 o’clock.
4. She	to leave	before I came.

£х. 5. Repeat the following suffixes of the noun and translate the nouns into Russian:

-tion, -ment, -ence, -ance, -er, -or, -y discovery, inventor, producer, constructor, difference, for­mation, acceleration, accelerator, development, extraction, achievement.

Ex. 6. Mind the suffixes in the following adjectives, translate the ad­jectives into Russian:

important, significant, various, different, artificial, chemi­cal, valuable, scientific, industrial, experimental.

Ex. 7. Form the nouns from the following adjectives using the suffixes “-ness”, “-ity”, “-ure”:

useful, dense, thick, moist.

Ex. 8. Give short answers according to the models. (Work in pairs.)

Model .1: Have you ever worked in the field of chain reactions?

Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.

1. Have our scientists made great discoveries in the field of nuclear research recently? 2. Have you ever visited the new research centre near Moscow? 3. Have Soviet scientists opened a new era in the investigation of space? 4. Have you ever been to Dubna? 5. Have they solved all the questions in the field of organic chemistry?

Model II: Has he done his home-work well?

Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.

1. Has this student taken part in this experimental work?

2. Has your brother read any articles in English? 3. Has Acad­emician N. N. Semenov made great discoveries in the field of chain reactions? 4. Has this scientist worked in the field of lasers? 5. Has the production of artificial radioactive iso­topes developed into a new industry?

Ex. 9. Translate the sentences, mind the meanings of the word “solve”!

Note: to solve — решать; растворять

1. They have solved recently many important problems in the field of artificial radioactivity. 2. He has solved the sub­stance easily. 3. Another problem which he had solved by that time was important and interesting for research-workers.

Ex. 10. Translate the following words of the same root:

to invent, inventor, invention; to discover, discovery; to vary, various, variety; to penetrate, penetration; to create,

creation; to form, formation; to accelerate, acceleration; to apply, application; research, researcher; to produce, produc­tion.

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the use of the Present Perfect and Past Perfect Tenses:

1. The scientists and engineers have built an apparatus which makes it possible to test materials which will be used in cosmos. 2. He had collected some information about modern discoveries in the branch of chemistry by the end of the year.

3. Chemists have discovered how to break down compounds which occur naturally. 4. The foundation of the Dubna Insti­tute played an important part in the development of the world science. 5. They have not solved this problem yet. 6. Soviet scientists have already solved many problems of nuclear phys­ics. 7. We have not seen him since he graduated from the In­stitute. 8. Recently our factories have produced many new synthetic products. 9. Our scientists have given great atten­tion to the development of peaceful uses of nuclear energy.

Ex. 12. Translate the following sentences, mind the verb “to have":

1. Many foreign scientists have visited Dubna. 2. Biologists have discovered new kinds of microorganisms which produce a number of antibiotics. 3. The laboratory has very good ventilating-hoods. 4. We have got two lectures on Monday and three lectures on Friday. 5. Soviet engineers have created the machine which helps to detect unknown particles. 6. This invention has a great significance for science. 7. This new accelerator has a great capacity. 8. Have you seen this new device in our laboratory? 9. He has a great number of books on analytical chemistry. 10. He has made about twenty dis­coveries which play an important part in our research work.

11. They had a number of interesting lectures last year. 12. The students had carried out their first experiment by the end of September.