2. The use of that.

Text: Superdense Water.

Ex. 1. Pronounce the following words:

superdense [,sju:p3'dens] among [э'тлд] invariant [in'veamnt]

¹ slightly ['slaith] exhibit [ig'zibit]

'Variability ^veario'biliti]

^MI negligible ['пед1и1зэЬ1] ordinary [V:dnri]

^ dilute [dai'lju:t]

^ impact ['impaekt]

immediately [1'mi:djatli] molecular [mou'lekjula] approximately [a'proksimit- h]

hypothesis [hai'poBisis]

Ex. 2. Pronounce the following:

noctilucent ^nokti'ljujsantl height [halt]

copper sulphate ['корэ 'saI- feit]

hydrogen oxide ['haidridjan 'oksaid]

atmosphere ['aetmasfia] ton [tAH]

minute [mai'nju:t] Д'- greasy ['gri:zi] a₄.-•' ^if

fatty ['faeti] purify f'pjuarifai] tasteless ['teistlis] saturate ['saetfareit] yiv

environment [in'vaiaranmant]

0°C ['zmrou di'gri: 'sentigreid]

I ml ['wAn 'mili,li:t3]

3.98°C ['0ri: 'point 'nainti 'eit di'gri:z 'sentigreid]

100°C ['wxn 'hAndrad di'gri:z 'sentigreid]

Ex. 3. Read the following words, mind the stresses:

reason ['ri:zn] standard ['staendad]

commonest [ komanast] motivate ['moutiveit]

international [^nta'naejanl]

maximum ['maeksimam] index ['indeks] contrast ['kontraest]

Ex. 4. Read fluently the following words and word combinations:

essentially invariant, slightly compressible, characteristic properties, international standards of measurement, negli­gible changes, stability of the molecules, mainly in the form of, millions of tons, one atm. pressure, major constituent, living matter.

Ex. 5. Form the Perfect Participle according to the models:

Model: to take—having taken (Active)

to forget, to bring, to come, to carry out, to get, to find, to found, to translate, to compare.

Model II: to take—having been taken (Passive)

to solve, to receive, to build, to find, to learn.

Ex. 6. Replace the subordinate clauses by the Perfect Participle accord­ing to the model:

Model: When they had finished their work, they left the lab.

Having finished their work, they left the lab.

1. When the composition of the substance had been deter­mined, the scientists compared it with some other substances.

2. When they had investigated all the properties, they could state that these gases were harmful. 3. After they had separat­ed nitrogen from other gases, they obtained it in nearly pure condition. 4. When he had found the needed solvent, he could continue his experiment.

Ex. 7. Give the Russian equivalents of the following:

1. Having compared these two substances, ... 2. When comparing these substances ... 3. When compared, these substances ... 4. Comparing these substances ... 5. Hav­ing examined this element, ... 6. If examined, this min­eral ... 7. Examining this liquid ... 8. While examining this liquid ... 9. The substance examined . . .

Ex. 8. Translate the sentences, mind the word “that”:

( тот, та, то (указ, мест.)

Note: that \ ^4T0 (^C0,P³)

| который (относит, мест.)

\ слово-заместитель существительного

1. We know that in all chemical reactions the weight of the substances that are reacting is equal to the weight of the products obtained. 2. The concentration of iodine in the ether layer is approximately 200 times that of the water layer.

2. A rise in temperature increases the velocity of the endother­mic reaction more than that of the exothermic reaction, 4. The number of molecules of water is twice that of molecules of oxygen from which it is produced, that is each oxygen mole­cule is split into two equal reactive units. 5. The solid that was used is highly soluble in water. 6. The density of ice is

lower than that of liquid. 7. A gram molecular weight of a gas is that weight which occupies the same volume as 32 grams of oxygen at the same temperature and pressure.

Ex. 9. Translate the following adjectives, mind the meaning of the suf­fix “-less’':

colourless, odourless, helpless, painless, tasteless, weightless.

Ex. 10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the mean­ings of the word “number”:

l' ЧИСЛО

Note: number-t количество [ номер

a number of—ряд

the number of—число; номер; количество

1. The number of new synthetic products produced by our chemists increases every year. 2 .It is known that every chem­ical element has its number in Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table of Elements. 3. Hydrogen reacts with the oxides of a number of metals forming water and free metal. 4. One of the tables which presents the greatest number of facts about each ele­ment was included in this book. 5. You can find this apparatus in laboratory number 3. 6. Solubility is generally expressed as the number of parts of solute that will dissolve in 100 parts of solvent. 7. There are a number of other hydrogen compounds that do not have the properties of acids. 8. M. V. Lomonosov introduced a number of terms into the Russian language. 9. The number of papers dealing with the electro-oxidation of the element is very limited. 10. A number of questions involved had been discussed long before.

Ex. 11. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the mean­ings of the word “learn”:

1. He carried out a number of experiments as he wanted to learn all the properties of the water. 2. We have learned that he teaches at the Chemico-Technological Institute. 3. The first-year students learn physics, mathematics, and some other subjects. 4. Having learned the weight of hydrogen and oxy­gen, the research-workers could determine the ratio of two elements. 5. If you want to investigate all the properties of this element, first of all learn its atomic weight.

Ex. 12. Translate the following words, mind the suffix “-fy”i

solid — solidify clear— clarify liquid — liquefy simple — simplify pure—purify