- •Методичні рекомендації
- •Програма курсу з англійської мови “Ten Steps to Success”
- •Welcome to our programme
- •2. Grammar
- •2.1. Word order
- •2.2. Vocabulary
- •2.3. Types of sentences
- •2.4. Auxiliary verbs
- •2.5. The Present Simple Tense
- •2.6. The Present Continuous Tense
- •3. Conversational topic: “Family Values”
- •3.1. Pre-text work
- •3.2. Text a: My Family
- •4. Grammar
- •4.1. Auxiliary verbs and questions
- •5. Supplementary reading:
- •5.1. Text b: John Smith and his Family.
- •Instructions:
- •5.2. Practice – Vocabulary in use
- •5.3. Text c: My Family
- •Instructions:
- •5.4. Tell about your family history or its lifestyle.
- •6. Writing: What are the values of your family?
- •1. Choose the correct answer: a, b, c, d choice
- •2. Fill in the missing word
- •1. Phonetics
- •1.1. Rules of reading and rhythm
- •1.2. Language Focus
- •2. Grammar
- •2.1. There is / there are
- •2.2. Articles
- •2. 3. Nouns: Singular and plural
- •2.4. Past Simple
- •Important! As there are different tenses for present, past and future, time expressions help differentiate the tenses. Learn and use them in the right place.
- •2.5. Past Continuous
- •3. Conversational Topic
- •3.1. Pre-text work. Invitation to the conversation
- •3.2.Text a. Changes in Education
- •4. Grammar
- •4.1. Past Perfect Tense
- •4.2. Past Perfect-Continuous Tense
- •5. Supplementary reading: Discover the world with us.
- •5.1. Text b. Your University is Your Future.
- •5.2. Text c. Education in Great Britain
- •5.3. Read the text for your knowledge. Text d. Drahomanov National Pedagogical University
- •5.4. Conversational Topic: Your achievements at University.
- •6 . Writing
- •1. Circle the correct item.
- •2. Fill in the missing word.
- •1. Phonetics
- •1.2. Language Focus
- •2. Grammar
- •Important! As there are different tenses for present, past and future, time expressions help to differentiate them.
- •3. Conversational Topic: The Importance of Foreign Languages
- •3.1. Study five parts of the Module “Foreign Languages”
- •4 . Supplementary reading: Discover the world with us.
- •4.1. Text a. The History of the English Language
- •Instructions for the reading:
- •4.2. Conversational Topic: What helps you master the English language?
- •5. Written task.
- •1. Fill in the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
- •2. Choose the correct answer.
- •3. Identify tenses; match numbers to the letters of columns a and b.
- •1. Phonetics and Language
- •1.1.Techniques of reading
- •Vocabulary bank
- •2.1. Future Tenses – future overview
- •The ways to express actions in the future:
- •2.2. Future Simple (will) and be going to express future actions.
- •2.3. Conditional sentences: Type 1
- •2.4. Future Continuous
- •3.1. Travel around the globe.
- •3.2. Get some information about Great Britain from the text given below.
- •3.3. Translate into Ukrainian.
- •4. Grammar
- •4.1. Future Perfect
- •4.2. Future Perfect-Continuous
- •Important! As there are different tenses for present, past and future, time expressions help to differentiate the tenses. Learn and use them in the right place.
- •5. Supplementary reading: Discover the world with us.
- •Cambridge – a University Town
- •Edinburgh
- •Birmingham – the Market Place
- •Manchester
- •5.2. Reading: get some information from the text about the United States of America.
- •5.3. Conversational Topic: Speak about your plans to visit one of the English-speaking countries – When? Why? What?
- •6. Written Task
- •1. Circle the correct item.
- •2. Fill in the missing word.
- •1. Phonetics
- •1.1. Techniques of reading
- •1.2. Vocabulary Bank
- •2. Grammar
- •2.1. Grammar Tenses
- •If you practice hard, you’ll become an expert in this part of grammar. You will speak to foreigners and understand them rather well.
- •3. Conversational topic “Our motherland - Ukraine”
- •Instructions for the reading:
- •Text a. Portrait of Ukraine
- •4. Grammar
- •4.1. Comparative & Superlative Forms
- •5. Conversational topic: ‘Kyiv, a capital of Ukraine’
- •Instructions for the reading:
- •6. Supplementary reading. Discover the world with us
- •6.1. Read and translate the text. Text c: St. Sophia’s Cathedral
- •6.2. Tell about other Ukrainian cities or towns and their curiosities.
- •7. Written task
- •1. The english alphabet
- •2. Ukrainian-english transliteration table
- •1. Articles
- •2. Nouns: singular, plural
- •3. There is /There are
- •2. Nouns: singular, plural
- •Irregular plural forms:
- •3. There is / there are
- •4. Infinitive, Bare Infinitive, Gerund / -ing form
- •5. Comparative forms
- •Stative / state verbs
- •2. Question tags
- •3. Conditional sentences
- •4. Forms of the infinitive: infinitive, bare infinitive and gerund (-ing form)
- •5. Comparative forms
- •Гудій Світлана Олексіївна,
5. Comparative forms
We use the comparative form to compare two people, things, places, etc. We usually use than with comparative adjectives.
Mary is younger than Jane.
Tim is much shorter than Nick.
The plain is more expensive than the train.
We use the superlative form to compare one person/thing/etc with more than one person/thing/etc in the same group. We use the ... of/in with superlative adjectives. We use in with the superlative when we talk about places.
It's the most expensive necklace in the shop. (NOT; o
f theshop)He is by far the most intelligent.
He is the most intelligent of all.
You are the best!
Spelling:
With one-syllable adjectives ending in -e, we add -r in the comparative and -st in the superlative form
nice - nicer – the nicest
With one-syllable adjectives ending in a stressed vowel + a consonant, we double the last consonant and add –er /est.
thin - thinner – the thinnest
With two-syllable adjectives ending in -ly or -y, we change the -y to i and add -er/-est.
narrow – narrower – the narrowest
Some one-syllable adjectives of abstract meaning such as: clear, safe, true, free, wise, etc and two-syllable adjectives such as: clever, common, stupid, narrow, gentle, friendly, simple, easy, etc. take either –er/-est or more/most.
friendly – more friendly than – the most friendly or
friendly – friendlier than – the friendliest
The comparative of adjectives of three or more syllables is formed with more and the superlative with the most.
difficult – more difficult than – the most difficult
Compare regular and irregular comparatives and superlatives:
|
|
Adjective |
Comparative
|
Superlative |
|
Adjective |
Comparative |
Superlative |
|
Short adjectives |
big small |
bigger smaller
|
the biggest the smallest |
Irregular forms |
good bad little many much |
better worse less more |
the best the worst the least the most |
|
-y adjectives |
noisy |
noisier |
the noisiest |
|
|
|
|
|
longer adjectives |
beautiful |
more beautiful |
the most beautiful |
|
|
|
|
We use adjectives or their comparative and superlative forms to make comparisons.
Adjectives:
very + adjective (emphasises adjective). George is a very good student.
as + adjective + as {to show that two people or things are similar in some way. In negative sentences we use not as/so ... as). I'm sure Brian is as clever as Polly.
less + adjective + than (expresses the difference between two people or things. The opposite of more ... than). The sequel was less successful than the original.
the least + adjective + of/in (compares one person or thing to two or more people or things in the same group. The opposite of most... of/in). It’s the least expensive restaurant in the city.
Comparative forms:
much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly/even + comparative (expresses the degree of difference between two people or things):
- Anna is much younger than Steve. - Riding a motorbike is a lot more dangerous than driving a car. – She was far happier when she only worked part time. -1 think it’s a little warmer than it was yesterday. - It was a bit more expensive than I thought it would be. -She said that the second exam was slightly easier than the first one. - Since his operation, he has been walking even more slowly.
BUT: many more + uncountable noun:
- Tom ate many more biscuits than Paul.
comparative + comparative shows that something is increasing or decreasing
- We seem to start later and later every day.
the + comparative ..., the + comparative (shows that two things change together or that one thing depends on another thing):
- The longer the journey went on, the more beautiful the scenery became.
Superlative forms:
We use the with a superlative:
It was the happiest day of my life.
Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
That’s the best film I have seen this year.
I have three sisters, Jan is the eldest and Angela is the youngest .
You can form superlative adjectives in two ways as well. You can add est to the end of the adjective, or you can use the most or the least before it. Do not, however, do both! You violate another grammatical rule if using two superlative forms.
One-syllable words generally take est at the end, as in these examples:
Max is the wisest person I’ve ever met.
Of all the students in the group, Max is the worst.
King Kong was the biggest gorilla ever.
Two-syllable words vary. Check out the example:
Because Greg refuses to read directions, he made the crispiest mashed potatoes ever in the history of instant food.
Use most or least before adjectives with three or more syllables:
Who is the most intelligent person in your family?
I’ve chosen to buy the least expensive hat.
by far + the + superlative (emphasises the difference between one person or thing and two or more people or things in the same group):
- He is by far the best player in the team.
TABLE of IRREGULAR VERBS
The table consists of three forms: the 1st introduces infinitives of the verbs, the 2nd - past simple forms and the 3rd – past participles to be used in perfect forms or passive voice.
|
1. arise |
arose |
arisen |
піднімати (ся) | |||||||
|
2. be |
was, were |
been |
бути | |||||||
|
3. bear |
bore |
born |
нести, народжувати | |||||||
|
4.become |
became |
become |
ставати кимось, чимось | |||||||
|
5.begin |
began |
begun |
починати(ся) | |||||||
|
6. bend |
bent |
bent |
гнути | |||||||
|
7. bind |
bound |
bound |
зв’язувати | |||||||
|
8. bite |
bit |
bitten |
кусати | |||||||
|
9. bleed |
bled |
bled |
сходити кров’ю | |||||||
|
10.blow |
blew |
blown |
дути | |||||||
|
11. break |
broke |
broken |
ламати, повідомляти (новину) | |||||||
|
12. breed |
bred |
bred |
вирощувати | |||||||
|
13. bring |
brought |
brought |
приносити | |||||||
|
14. build |
built |
built |
будувати | |||||||
|
15.burn |
burnt |
burnt |
горіти, палити | |||||||
|
16.buy |
bought |
bought |
купувати | |||||||
|
17.cast |
cast |
cast |
розкидати | |||||||
|
18. catch |
caught |
caught |
ловити | |||||||
|
19. choose |
chose |
chosen |
вибирати | |||||||
|
20. come |
came |
come |
приходити | |||||||
|
21. cost |
cost |
cost |
коштувати | |||||||
|
22. cut |
cut |
cut |
різати | |||||||
|
23. dig |
dug |
dug |
рити, копати | |||||||
|
24.do |
did |
done |
робити, виконувати | |||||||
|
25. draw |
drew |
drawn |
малювати, притягувати | |||||||
|
26. dream |
dreamt |
dreamt |
мріяти, снитися | |||||||
|
27. drink |
drank |
drunk |
пити | |||||||
|
28. drive |
drove |
driven |
керувати авто | |||||||
|
29.eat |
ate |
eaten |
їсти | |||||||
|
30.fall |
fell |
fallen |
падати | |||||||
|
31.feed |
fed |
fed |
годувати | |||||||
|
32.feel |
felt |
felt |
почувати (ce6e) | |||||||
|
33. fight |
fought |
fought |
битися, боротися | |||||||
|
34.find |
found |
found |
знаходити | |||||||
|
35.flee |
fled |
fled |
тікати, рятуватися | |||||||
|
36. fly |
flew |
flown |
літати | |||||||
|
37. forget |
forgot |
forgotten |
забувати | |||||||
|
38. get |
got |
got |
отримувати, розуміти, добиратися | |||||||
|
39. give |
gave |
given |
давати | |||||||
|
40. go |
went |
gone |
іти, їхати . | |||||||
|
41. grow |
grew |
grown |
виростити | |||||||
|
42. hang |
hung |
hung |
висіти | |||||||
|
43.have |
had |
had |
мати (щось) | |||||||
|
44. hear |
heard |
heard |
чути |
| ||||||
|
45.hide |
hid |
hidden |
ховатися |
| ||||||
|
46.hold |
held |
held |
тримати |
| ||||||
|
47. keep |
kept |
kept |
тримати, зберігати |
| ||||||
|
48. know |
knew |
known |
знати |
| ||||||
|
49. lead |
led |
led |
лідирувати, вести за собою |
| ||||||
|
50. learn |
learnt |
learnt |
вчити(ся) |
| ||||||
|
51. leave |
left |
left |
залишати, покидати |
| ||||||
|
52. lend |
lent |
lent |
позичати |
| ||||||
|
53. let |
let |
let |
дозволяти, здавати в оренду |
| ||||||
|
54. light |
lit |
lit |
світити |
| ||||||
|
55. lose |
lost |
lost |
втрачати |
| ||||||
|
56. make |
made |
made |
робити руками (помилку) |
| ||||||
|
57. mean |
meant |
meant |
означати |
| ||||||
|
58. meet |
met |
met |
зустрічати, знайомитися |
| ||||||
|
59. put |
put |
put |
класти |
| ||||||
|
60. read |
read |
read |
читати |
| ||||||
|
61. ride |
rode |
ridden |
кататися |
| ||||||
|
62. rise |
rose |
risen |
підніматися |
| ||||||
|
63.run |
ran |
run |
бігти, їхати (про транспорт) |
| ||||||
|
64. say |
said |
said |
сказати |
| ||||||
|
65. see |
saw |
seen |
бачити |
| ||||||
|
66.sell |
sold |
sold |
продавати |
| ||||||
|
67. send |
sent |
sent |
посилати |
| ||||||
|
68. set |
set |
set |
налаштувати, встановити | |||||||
|
69. shake |
shook |
shaken |
трясти | |||||||
|
70. shine |
shone |
shone |
світити | |||||||
|
71. shoot |
shot |
shot |
стріляти | |||||||
|
72. shut |
shut |
shut |
закривати | |||||||
|
73. sing |
sang |
sung |
співати | |||||||
|
74. sink |
sank |
sunk |
потонути | |||||||
|
75. sit |
sat |
sat |
сидіти | |||||||
|
76. sleep |
slept |
slept |
спати | |||||||
|
77. smell |
smelt |
smelt |
пахнути, нюхати | |||||||
|
78. speak |
spoke |
spoken |
говорити, розмовляти | |||||||
|
79. spend |
spent |
spent |
тратити, проводити (час) | |||||||
|
80. spoil |
spoilt |
spoilt |
псувати | |||||||
|
81. spread |
spread |
spread |
поширювати, намащувати | |||||||
|
82. spring |
sprang |
sprung |
стрибати | |||||||
|
83. stand |
stood |
stood |
стояти | |||||||
|
84. steal |
stole |
stolen |
красти | |||||||
|
85. stick |
stuck |
stuck |
приклеювати, дотримуватись | |||||||
|
86. sting |
stung |
stung |
жалити | |||||||
|
87. stride |
strode |
stridden |
крокувати | |||||||
|
88. strike |
struck |
struck |
бити, страйкувати | |||||||
|
89. strive |
strove |
striven |
старатися | |||||||
|
90. swear |
swore |
sworn |
присягатися | |||||||
|
91. sweep |
swept |
swept |
підмітати | |||||||
|
92. swim |
swam |
swum |
плавати | |||||||
|
93. swing |
swung |
swung |
гойдатися, мінятися | |||||||
|
94. take |
took |
taken |
брати | |||||||
|
95. teach |
taught |
taught |
навчати | |||||||
|
96. tear |
tore |
torn |
рвати на шматки | |||||||
|
97. tell |
told |
told |
розповідати | |||||||
|
98. think |
thought |
thought |
думати | |||||||
|
99. throw |
threw |
thrown |
кидати | |||||||
|
100. thrust |
thrust |
thrust |
штовхати | |||||||
|
101. tread |
trod |
trodden |
ступати | |||||||
|
102. understand |
understood |
understood |
розуміти | |||||||
|
103. upset |
upset |
upset |
засмучуватися | |||||||
|
104. wake |
woke |
woken |
прокидатися | |||||||
|
105. wear |
wore |
worn |
носити, одягатися | |||||||
|
106. weave |
wove |
woven |
ткати | |||||||
|
107. weep |
wept |
wept |
плакати | |||||||
|
108. win |
won |
won |
перемагати, вигравати | |||||||
|
109.wind |
wound |
wound |
заводити | |||||||
|
110. withdraw |
withdrew |
withdrawn |
брати назад, відкликати | |||||||
|
111. wring |
wrung |
wrung |
скручувати | |||||||
|
112. write |
wrote |
written |
писати | |||||||
|
113. hit |
hit |
hit |
вдарити | |||||||
Навчальне видання