Text 18

Read and translate the text with a dictionary, analyze the words and define the tense forms.

Contract and its features

By law contracts are made by trade organizations in writing.

When striking a deal standard contracts are widely used. Standard contracts are not a must. Some articles may be altered and supplemented.

Here are some of the items, which are part and parcel of any contract: legal title of the contracting parties, subject of the contract, quality, price, delivery and payment terms.

Subject names the product for sale or purchase. It also indicates the unit of measure generally employed in foreign trade. The quality of machines and equipment is to be in conformity with the technical specification of the con­tract.

The quality of raw materials and foodstuff is determined, as a rule, by stan­dards, by sample, by description. The price stated in a contract may be firm, fixed or sliding.

Firm price. Firm prices are not the subject to change in the course of the fulfillment of the contract.

Fixed price. It is the price governing in the market on the day of delivery or for a given period.

Sliding prices. These prices are quoted for machinery and equipment, which require a long period of delivery.

Answer the questions:

1. How are the contracts made by law?

2. When are standard contracts used?

3. What price can be stated in a contract?

Text 19

Read and translate the text with a dictionary, analyze the words and define the tense forms.

What is a manager

A number of different terms are used for "manager", including "director", "administrator" and "president". The term "manager" is used more fre­quently in profit making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non - profit organizations such as Universities, hospitals and social work agencies. What, then, is a manager?

When used collectively the term "management" refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within the system.

An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization. Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all types of organizations: they include hard work on a variety of activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relationships.

Almost everything a manager does involves decisions. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists. In decision there is always some uncer­tainty and risk.

Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it.

Answer the questions:

1. Where is the term “manager” more widely used?

2. What is an individual manager?

3. Does he make decisions?

Text 20

Read and translate the text with a dictionary, analyze the words and define the tense forms.

Marketing today

Marketing is a new science. It is the art of finding out what people want, then manufacturing it for them. In a market of multiple choice it is no longer sufficient to produce a product and show your customers that it satisfies one of their basic needs. You must show that it provides benefits other products fail to provide, that it can be supplied at a competitive price and above all, supplied reliably. But in this fast-changing world, competitors catch up more quickly than ever.

Preferences that customers have for this or that product work for shorter and shorter periods. Choice makes marketing work.

Companies need to be constantly engaged in product development, if they want to be successful. Coca Cola was successful with one product in one size for many years until Pepsi Cola challenged them with a bottle double the size at the same cost. Since then Coca Cola has made many changes. Today Coca Cola has many different soft drinks, wines, movie companies, television production companies, to name only a few of its holdings.

Multiple choices for the customer are the motor that drives the marketing vehicle.

Answer the questions:

1. What is marketing today?

2. Do the companies need to be constantly engaged in product development?

3. What drives the marketing vehicle?