Text 20
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What is the modem?
The word “Modem” is an acronym for “modulator— demodulator”, .the name of a piece of electronic equipment that converts the signals from your computer to tones that can be transmitted over phone lines, allowing your computer to "talk" to another, by "whistling" messages back and forth.
A modem was cigar box-like device, with two foam cups. You took telephone receiver and stuck the earpiece into one cup and the mouthpiece into the other. Such a unit was an acoustic modem.
Today, most modems are the size of a textbook and have several red lights on their faces. On these, you snap the modulator plug out of your telephone and into the modem and by avoiding the acoustic computing to the above – mentioned antique, you are able to communicate at higher speed. There are modems as small as a matchbox with no lights (which evolution in electronics has rendered less necessary); and same even built into the computer.
Next you’ll be asked what speed you want: 300, 1200, 14400, 2400, 9600 baud. The “baud rate” describes how fast a modem can send and receive. The most common speed today is 33600. It depends on the quality of telephone communication.
Answer the following questions:
1. What is "modem" an acronym for?
2. What allows your computer to “talk" to another, by "whistling" messages back and forth?
3. What was a modem like?
Для спеціальності омр text 16
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Metal cutting processes and tools general description of lathes
Modern lathes are highly efficient, accurate and complex devices, capable of doing a great quantity and variety of work.
Lathes are made in a wide variety of types and sizes, from the small precision lathe found in watch repair shops to the immense machine.
The lathe consists essentially of a bed, headstock, tailstock and saddle.
The Bed.— The main casting of the lathe is called the bed, and usually consists of a good quality grey iron casting of rigid design. It is provided with accurately machined ways, on which slides the saddle and the tailstock, and on which the headstock is located and bolted. The ways may be flat or of inverted V-type. Various lugs and brackets are integral with the casting for the mounting of other parts as required on the machine.
The headstock is located true with the ways and bolted rigidly to the bed at the left-hand end. It carries the lathe
Fig. 8. All-Geared Headstock Centre Lathe.
spindle and back gear-box if the lathe is of the all-geared head type.
Answer the questions:
What is the variety of types of lathes?
What does the lathe consist of?
What is called the bed?
Text 17
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Machine-tools – a measure of man's progress
The variety and combinations of machine-tools today are unlimited. Some of them are very small and can be mounted on a work bench but others are so large that we have to construct special buildings to house them.
There are some basic operations at any workshop. They are turning, drilling, threading, etc. The main machine-tool of such a workshop is the multipurpose lathe. What is a lathe? It is a power-driven machine with special tools which can cut or form metal parts. The metal that cuts another metal must be very hard and so tools should be made of very hard steel alloys. The tool itself is very small in comparison with the mechanism that is to direct it.
Technological progress improves accuracy of machine-tools. Today's equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. One can find a number of machine-tools that can measure and inspect their production themselves – machine-tools that are to handle the parts mechanically and automatically.
Answer the questions:
What is the variety of machine-tools today?
What are the basic operations at any workshop?
What is a lathe?