10. Choose the topic and write a short composition:

1. “What are metals?”

2. “Non-metals, alloys and allotropes”.

Topic: albert einstein grammar: modal verbs

1. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations:

honorary member	-почесний член
at rest	-у стані спокою
in motion	-у русі
to appear to be stationary	-здаватися нерухомим
at the same time	-водночас
all over the world	-в усьому світі
slowly but surely	-поволі, але впевненно
that is	-тобто
vice versa	-навпаки
to take part in	-брати участь у
to be over	-закінчуватись
relativity	-відносність
observer	-спостерігач
contribution	-внесок

2. Read and translate the text: Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955)

Scientists highly appreciated Einstein’s contribution to physics and mathematics. In 1922 he was elected foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his outstanding scientific merits. In 1927 he was elected honorary member of the USSR academy of Sciences.

His Theory was published in 1905. Einstein declared there was nothing absolutely at rest on the Earth or anywhere in the whole Universe. Everything is in motion from atoms to stars.

When one is on a moving train, the seats of passengers appear to be stationary, while trees appear to fly past the windows. A boy standing near the railway sees the train flying by while the trees stand motionless. As the train speeds on, the Earth goes round the Sun.

At the same time, the Earth, the Sun and the whole Solar System move together in the direction of a distant star. If a man could stand on the sun and look through a telescope, he would see the Earth and the train moving below.

Another observer on the nearest star, which is so far that it takes four years for its light to reach us, would four years later see the Sun, the Earth and the moving train flying along together through the space. All these motions of the train, the Earth and the Sun are relative to the position of the observer. In such a Universe, where all is in motion and nothing fixed, everything is “relative”, depending on the circumstances under which it is observed. In this changing Universe only light always has the same speed. And more: the speed of light is the only constant quality.

And what about relativity of time? Newton had taught time was absolute. The world changes but time goes on and on unchanged. Einstein gives us a new picture. Time and space change relative to the position and speed of the observer. If we could travel with a speed close to the speed of light our clocks would slow down and show time different from the time on the Earth. Not only clocks, but also our pulses, even the electrons inside the atom would move slower and slower.

The mass or weight of a body also depends on how fast the body is moving. As it moves faster and faster, it grows heavier and heavier.

Einstein gave an entirely new idea of the world we live in. All over the world scientists read the work with great surprise. In those days Einstein was an unknown patent-office clerk in Bern. His fame grew slowly but surely. He was invited to work as a professor first in Prague and then in Zurich. In 1913 he was invited to the Academy of Sciences in Berlin. For his great contribution to theoretical physics he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1921.

In 1913 Hitler became dictator in Germany. Einstein’s house was destroyed. His books on relativity were burned in the streets, but at that time Einstein was already in America, where he lived for 22 years, that is, the rest of his lifetime. His statement that energy can be turned into matter, and vice versa opened the way for research on atomic energy. Einstein took part in the construction of the most terrible weapon – atomic bomb. When the war was partially over, atomic bombs were dropped on Japan. Many scientists, including Einstein, felt responsible for the tragedy and protested against the use of atomic energy for destruction.

Einstein was a talented man, a great thinker. His ideas completely changed physics and produced a revolution in natural science of the twentieth century.