7.2.3. The Perfect form of the verb in the Active Voice

Ex. 155. Translate into your native language. Explain the use of the Present Perfect tense in these sentences.

1. She has read a very interesting book this week. 2. They have chosen light-green wall-paper. 3. Have you seen my watch anywhere? 4. I have not finished my letter yet. 5. She has bought a new carpet. Let’s go and look at it. 6. Has Charles passed his exams yet? 7. I will let you know as soon as I have finished. 8. You will get used to our methods when you have worked here a bit longer. 9. He’s been ill since the beginning of the month. 10. This play has been on for a fortnight.

Ex. 156. Supply subordinate clauses with the verbs in the Present Perfect tense.

1. I don’t know why (she – not to come). 2. She asks why (you – to lay the table). 3. I’d like to know why (he – not to answer my letter). 4. Tell me why (you – to quarrel). 5. She doesn’t say why (she – to refuse to take this work). 6. She wants to know where (they to go to). 7. He can’t say where (the dog – to appear from). 8. Tell me, please, how long (you – to live in this town). 9. I wonder how long (she – to work at our Institute). 10. He asks what (you – to cook for supper). 11. I’d like to know what (to happen to the cake). 12. I can’t guess why (they – to part).

Ex. 157. Copy the sentences arranging them in the following way: 1. Sentences expressing the completion of actions. 2. Sentences expressing durative actions.

1. Glad to see you! Haven’t seen you for ages. 2. I have lived in Moscow since childhood. 3. Have you done your morning exercises? 4. Robert has studied English for five years already. 5. Ann has made a new dress. 6. The children have just come home from a walk. 7. Has anyone cleaned the blackboard? 8. Why haven’t you brought your exercise book? 9. Kitty has been asleep for two hours, it’s time to wake her up. 10. Something has gone wrong with the radio-set. 11. I haven’t had time to repair radio since last Monday. 12. Have you heard the news? 13. The bell has gone, let’s begin our lesson. 14. It’s two o’clock, so I’ve been here for two hours.

Ex. 158. Complete the following sentences with the given alternatives using since or for.

1. I haven’t seen you … (May, three years). 2. We have been here … (an hour and a half, January). 3. They have lived in this street … (1970, a long time). 4. Nobody has written to me … (many weeks, my birthday). 5. I haven’t been to my native town … (I was 17, ten years). 6. She has loved to sing … (she was a child, all her life). 7. We have met regularly … (we finished school, five years). 8. She hasn’t spoken to me … (more than two weeks, last week).

Ex. 159. Make up sentences with since and for as in the model.

Model: I know George. This started in 1995.

I have known George since 1995.

I know George. This started five years ago.

I have known George for five years.

1. Rob has a Mercedes. He bought it five years ago. 2. She is in London. She arrived there four days ago. 3. Jack is here. He arrived here on Thursday. 4. I know Sue. I first met Sue two years ago. 5. I have a camera. I bought it in 1985. 6. They are married. They got married six months ago. 7. Bill is a teacher. He began to work 3 years ago. 8. Brian is ill. He fell ill last Monday.

Ex. 160. Fill in the blanks with been or gone.

1. Where is Ann? – She’s on holiday. She … to Italy. 2. Hello! I … just … to the shops. Look! I’ve bought lots of things. 3. Jim isn’t here at the moment. He … to the shops. 4. Are you going to the bank? – No, I … already … to the bank. 5. He’s on holiday at the moment. He’s … to Spain. 6. Where’s Jill? – She’s not here. I think she’s to the bank. 7. Hello, Pat. Where have you …? – I’ve … to the bank. 8. Have you ever … to Mexico? – No, never. 9. My parents aren’t at home this evening. They’ve … out. 10. There’s a new restaurant in town. Have you … to it? 11. Paris is a wonderful city. I’ve … there many times. 12. Helen was here earlier but I think she’s … now.

Ex. 161. Translate the sentences into English.

A. 1. Я прийшов, щоб поговорити з вами про одну справу. 2. Я купив цікаву книжку. Хочете її прочитати? 3. Чи ви зачинили двері? 4. Ви розірвали рукав сукні. 5. Чому ти відчинив вікно? – Прохолодно. 6. Денис тільки-но вийшов. Вам треба трохи зачекати. 7. Я вже помив яблука. 8. Сергій вже повернувся до Дніпропетровська? – Ні, він ще не повернувся. 9. Я ніколи не читала цієї книжки. 10.Чи ви колись розмовляли зі своїм викладачем про це? 11. Він снідав дуже пізно сьогодні. 12. Чи ви читали сьогодні газету? 13. Вона була у Парижі тричі. 14. Вони знають один одного п’ятнадцять років, і впродовж цих років у них добрі стосунки. 15. В них ніколи не було автомобіля.

B. 1. Що трапилось? 2. Куди він пішов? 3. Я вже прочитала цю книжку. 4. Почався дощ. 5. Я його ще не бачила. 6. Ви коли-небудь катались на ковзанах по замерзлій річці? 7. Сьогодні я не була в бібліотеці. 8. Впродовж року я часто бачила їх у кіно. 9. Я не зустрічала його з весни. 10. Скільки років ти живеш на цій вулиці? 11. Вона давно працює в інституті? 12. Діти вже прийняли душ. 13. Ви ще не погасили світло? 14. Ти взяла з собою парасольку? 15. Я вже відпрацювала тут 5 років. 16. Зима вже почалася. 17. Я ніколи не був у цьому театрі. 18. Збори тільки-но розпочалися. 19. Ми вже переглянули газети. 20. Вона завжди була присутня на наших зборах. 21. Я не був у кіно з вересня. 22. Пробачте, я забув ваше прізвище. 23. Ми не бачили його останнім часом. 24. На цьому тижні він не відвідував занять. 25. Останнім часом вона прочитала декілька англійських книжок в оригіналі. 26. Ми ще не обговорювали це питання на зборах. 27. Я дуже радий вас бачити. Ми не зустрічались з 1985 року, чи не так? 28. Я загубив свій ключ і не можу потрапити до кімнати. 29. З якого часу вони не відвідують занять? 30. Останнім часом він часто працював у цій бібліотеці. 31. Ходімо до їдальні. – Ні, дякую, я вже пообідав. 32. Він зайнятий впродовж цілого тижня. 33. У цьому році наші студенти прочитали кілька англійських книжок. 34. Чи ви коли-небудь були у Волгограді? 35. Де зараз ваш брат? Я не зустрічався з ним з того часу, як ми закінчили школу. 36. Він зайнятий впродовж цілого тижня. 37. Чому ви не вивчили ці слова? Я був зайнятий вчора. 38. Вони збираються продати свій будинок. Ви що-небудь чули про це? 39. Він ніколи не бачив таких гарних картин. 40. Як давно ви його знаєте? – Я знаю Бориса з дитинства.

Ex. 162. Finish up the sentences choosing appropriate adverbial modifiers from the brackets.

1. My cousin didn’t ring me up … (at 10 o’clock, since 10 o’clock). 2. I have not seen him at home … (at dinner time, since dinner time). 3. He did not say a word about it … (at the beginning of supper, since the beginning of supper). 4. I have been here … (yesterday, since yesterday). 5. It snowed heavily … (on Sunday, since Sunday). 6. My little child has been ill … (in summer, since summer). 7. They did not know anything about each other … (when they met, since they met). 8. The child was frightened … (when he saw the doctor, since he saw the doctor). 9. My elder sister has lived in the country … (when she graduated from the Institute, since she graduated from the Institute). 10. My children have studied English … (last year, since last year).

Ex. 163. Choose the correct tense from the forms given in brackets.

1. I (haven’t seen / didn’t see) much of Al lately. 2. Who is she? I (’ve never seen / never saw) her before. 3. I (’ve done / did) a lot of stupid things in my life. 4. She (has left / left) school last year. 5. When (have you got / did you get) married? 6. I’m sorry. I (haven’t finished / didn’t finish) yet. 7. I (’ve often wondered / often wondered) what he does for a living. 8. He (has caught / caught) the plane at eight this morning. 9. I (’ve read / read) a lot of her books when I was at school. 10. (Have you seen / did you see) any good films recently?

Ex. 164. Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect tense or the Past Indefinite tense of the verbs in brackets. Change the position of adverbs if necessary.

1. a) I … this book when I was a child. b) I … this book; it is rather interesting (to read). 2. a) I … him in summer. b) I … him since summer (not to see). 3. a) I … the letter yesterday. b) I just … the letter (to post). 4. a) She … everything in the evening. b) At last she … everything; now she can go to bed (to do). 5. a) My watch was all right at 10, but at 11 it … . b) My watch was all right at 10, but now it … (to stop). 6. a) She … . the Hermitage two days ago. b) I already … the Hermitage, now I want to go to the Russian museum (to visit). 7. a) They … on Sunday. b) Ring them up, they … (to return). 8. a) Yesterday the weather …. b) Put on your coat, the weather … (to change).

Ex. 165. Use the Present Perfect tense and the Past Indefinite tense instead of the Present Indefinite tense and put them into a natural context to justify the use of the tenses:

1. Peter often takes his wife to the theatre. 2. Her mother goes to the south every summer. 3. My sister always helps me to wash the dishes. 4. My teacher tells me to be more attentive at the lectures. 5. He seldom borrows books from the library. 6. His aunt gives lessons twice a week. 7. Her husband delivers lectures at the University. 8. My granny often reads books to my children. 9. Every month she buys a lot of new books. 10. He tells me about it every time he sees me. 11. Mary doesn’t often drink coffee. 12. My boy-friend goes to the country every week.

Ex. 166. Put the verb in brackets into the Present Perfect tense or the Past Indefinite tense.

A. 1. My friend is a writer. She (to write) many books. 2. We (not to have) a holiday last year. 3. You (to see) Alan last week? 4. I (to play) tennis yesterday afternoon. 5. What time you (to go) to bed last night? 6. You ever (to be) to the United States? 7. My hair is clean. I (to wash) it. 8. I (to wash) my hair before breakfast this morning. 9. When I was a child, I (not to like) sport. 10. Kathy loves travelling. She (to visit) many countries. 11. John works in a bookshop. He (to work) there for three years. 12. Last year we (to go) to Finland for a holiday. We (to stay) there for three weeks. 13. I (to play) a lot of tennis this year. 14. She (to have) six different jobs since she left school. 15. He (to run) away from school three times when he was fourteen. 16. How many cups of coffee you (to drink) today? 17. In those days, Andrew (to come) to stay with us most weekends. 18. Shakespeare (to write) poems as well as plays. 19. Since my brother lost his job, he (to write) two books. 20. I’m not cooking today – I (to cook) all the meals yesterday. In fact, I (to cook) most of the meals this week. 21. Would you believe I (to make) twenty-three phone calls today? 22. Our team are rubbish. They just (to lose) eight games one after the other.

B. 1. Jill (to buy) a new cat two weeks ago. 2. His hair is very short. He (to have) a haircut. 3. Last night I (to arrive) home at half past twelve. I (to have) a bath and then I (to go) to bed. 4. You (to visit) many museums when you were in Paris? 5. My bicycle isn’t here any more. Somebody ( to take) it. 6. When you (to give) up smoking? 7. I (not to eat) anything yesterday because I (not to feel) hungry. 8. Why you (not to want) to play tennis last Friday. 9. The car looks very clean. You (to wash) it? 10. I (to lose) my key. I can’t find it anywhere. 11. You (to see) the film on television last night? 12. Mr. Clark (to work) in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up. 13. Molly lives in Dublin. She (to live) there all her life. 14. Bob and Alice are married. They (to be) married for 20 years. 15. When we were on holiday, the weather (to be) awful. 16. The weather (to be) very nice recently, don’t you think? 17. My grandfather died 30 years ago. I never (to meet) him. 18. I don’t know Carol’s husband. I never (to meet) him. 19. I (not to play) golf when I was on holiday last summer.

Ex. 167. Translate into English using the Present Perfect tense or the Past Indefinite tense.

1. Коли приїхав твій брат? 2. Ти вже бачив його? 3. Дощ вже почався. 4. Вчора падав великий сніг. 5. Я живу в цій квартирі з минулого року. 6. Годинник задзвонив о шостій. 7. Вона не була в кіно з минулого місяця. 8. Минулого місяця я бачила її двічі. 9. Я дуже зголодніла, бо нічого не їла зранку. 10. Вчора вона дуже втомилася і лягла спати дуже рано. 11. Він пішов до своєї кімнати, увімкнув радіо і ліг на канапу. 12. Цього року ми зустрічалися не часто. 13. Вони часто зустрічалися на вулиці. 14. Взимку вечорами вони зазвичай ходили в кіно. 15. Чи ви вже бачили цей фільм? Коли ви його бачили? 16. Ви вже записалися до нашої бібліотеки? Коли ви записалися до бібліотеки? 17. Чи ваша група вже прочитала цю книжку? Коли ваша група закінчила її читати? 18. Чи тато вже повернувся з роботи? Коли він повернувся? 19. Чи ви коли-небудь були у Києві? Коли ви там були? 20. Чому ви не вивчили слова? – Я був зайнятий вчора.

Ex. 168. Use the Past Indefinite tense or the Present Perfect tense instead of the infinitives in brackets:

1. How long you (to know) him? – I (to know) him since 1978. 2. He (to live) in Moscow for two years and then he (to go) to Siberia. 3. When he (to arrive)? – He (to arrive) at 2 o’clock. 4. I (to read) this book when I was at school. 5. I can’t go with you as I (not to finish) my work. 6. His clock is slow. – It isn’t slow. It (to stop). 7. You (to have dinner) yet? 8. The lecture (to begin) at 7 o’clock and it (to last) for 3 hours. 9. We (to miss) the tram. Now we’ll have to walk. 10. You (to see) Kitty on Monday? 11. I (to lose) my pen. You (to see) it anywhere? 12. It (to rain) heavily the day before yesterday. 13. You ever (to try) to give up smoking? 14. Why you (to switch on) the light. It is not dark yet. 15. When it (to happen)? 16. He (to leave) for the Far East two years ago and I (not to see) him since. 17. Why you (to take) my pen while I was out? You (to break) it. 18. Jack (to leave) already. – Oh, really? When he (to go)? – He (to go) an hour ago. 19. She (to take) eight lessons in English this month. 20. You (to meet) Mrs. Jones yet? – Yes, I have. – When you (to meet) her? – I (to meet) her two weeks ago. 21. Her husband (to graduate) from the Institute this year. 22. She (to miss) a lot of French lessons last month.

Ex. 169. Use the Present Indefinite tense, the Present Continuous tense or the Present Perfect tense instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. Peter, what Bob (to do) there? – He (to look for) his fountain-pen. He (to lose) it somewhere. 2. What he (to do)? – He (to write) his degree-work. He (not to finish) it yet. He (to collect) the necessary material for it, and now he (to write) the conclusion. 3. Will you, please, lend me your pen for a moment? I (to leave) mine at home and now (to have) nothing to write with. – I (to be) sorry but I (to be going) to write myself. Ann (not to write), she can give you her pen. 4. Where (to be) Ann? – She (to be) in the kitchen. – What she (to do) there? – She (to wash up). – I already (to help) my mother with the house work and (to come) to ask Ann to go to the cinema with me. 5. Who (to play) the piano? Mary still (to have) her music lesson? – No. The lesson (to be) over and the teacher already (to go). Mother (to play) for little Kitty. 6. She (to send) me a letter that she (to come) in a few days. 7. What you (to look for)? – I (to look for) my dictionary. I just (to see) it somewhere. I (to think) it (to lie) on the bookshelf. 8. You (to read) “The Gadfly” by Voynich? – I (to read) it now, I (not to finish) it yet. It (to be) a very good book, I (to like) it very much.

Ex. 170. Translate into English using the Present Continuous tense, the Present Indefinite tense or the Present Perfect tense

А. 1. Одягни пальто і шапку. Стало прохолодно, подув сильний вітер. 2. Сьогодні на обід прийде Олена. – Я давно її не бачила. Вона дуже змінилася? – Ні, не дуже. 3. Хто тільки-но вийшов з кімнати? – Не знаю, я нікого не помітив. 4. Ти бачила Мері сьогодні? – Ні, вона захворіла. Вона хвора вже десять днів. 5. Що ти збираєшся робити після занять? – Хочу піти в кіно. – Не йди без мене, зачекай, доки я тобі не зателефоную. – Добре. 6. Ви ходили в кіно на цьому тижні? – Ні, я дуже зайнята останнім часом. – Ви повинні подивитися новий фільм, він вам, напевно, сподобається. 7. Я дуже задоволена, що ви прийшли. Ви завжди приносите гарні новини. 8. Вони вже поїхали? – Ні, вони від’їжджають потягом о третій. 9. Ви часто ходите до театру? – Так, досить часто, і сьогодні йду. 10. Ми давно його не бачили. Неллі каже, що він дуже змінився.

В. 1. Я хочу поговорити з Аленом. Він вже прийшов? – Так, він повернувся півгодини тому і зараз чекає на вас у бібліотеці. 2. – Чи Сем вже пішов? – Так, він пішов додому відразу після наради. – Але ж ми домовились з ним разом повечеряти сьогодні. – Він казав, що буде чекати на вас вдома. 3. Вона попросила доглянути її малюка, поки вона не повернеться. 4. Я вирішила поговорити з ним, коли він прийде, але я не впевнена, чи він прийде взагалі. 5. Ви знайшли ключ, який загубили вчора? – Так, знайшла. – А де ви його знайшли? – Я знайшла його у своїй сумочці. 6. Ти читаєш ту книжку, яку вчора купила? – Так, я вже прочитала більше, ніж половину. Вона дуже мені подобається. 7. Як вам вдалося покласти книжки на ту полицю? – Я використав драбину. 8. Як ви написали диктант? Покажіть мені його. Ви не зробили жодної помилки! 9. Навіщо вона увімкнула світло? Я його вимкнув, ще досить видно. 10. Він спакував речі і готується до від’їзду. 11. Він увімкнув світло і сів за стіл, щоб перевірити свої записи. Вже було темно надворі. 12. Все своє життя вона любила дітей, тому вона працює у дитсадку.

Ex. 171. Make the following sentences interrogative, negative and interrogative-negative. Explain the use of the Past Perfect tense.

1. He had washed his hands before he sat down to dinner. 2. The students had finished translating the article by 5 o’clock. 3. The watchmaker hadn’t cleaned my watch by the time I came. 4. She had trained much before the Olympic Games began. 5. When the taxi arrived they had already finished packing.

Ex. 172. Use when or after to make one sentence from each pair as in the model:

Model: I did my homework. Then my friend rang.

When I had done my homework, my friend rang.

1. Mary spoke to the teacher. Then Ann came to him with her work. 2. The film began. Then we came to the cinema. 3. The rain stopped. Then we went to the river. 4. Kate woke up. Then the clock struck seven. 5. He finished school. Then he began to work at the publishing house. 6. I wrote to my boyfriend. Then I watched television for an hour. 7. Everybody had a chance to say what they thought. Then we took a vote. 8. I posted the letter. Then I felt much better about everything. 9. She stopped trying to lose weight. She looked much healthier. 10. He bought presents for everyone in his family. Then he bought something for himself as well.

Ex. 173. Use the Present Indefinite, the Present Continuous, The Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite tenses instead of the infinitives in brackets.

1. Mr. Smith (to move) to his new house yet? – No, not yet. He (to be) still in his old one. He (to move) next week. 2. I (not to be) to Moscow since I was a child. My wife and I (to go) there next summer. – You (to decide) where you will stay there? – No, not yet. – When I (to be) in Moscow I (to stay) with my friends. 3. You (to have) lunch yet? – No, I (to go) to have it at 1 o’clock. Let’s have it together. – Oh, I’m sorry. I just (to have) mine. I (to have) it at 12 o’clock. 4. When the young man (to enter) the room, she (to look) at him in surprise. “What you (to go) to tell me? Why you (to come)?” 5. It is Friday today. You (to see) him this week? – Yes, I (to see) him on Monday. 6. Your brother (to return) from the North? – Yes, he (to come) two days ago. 7. Every day I (to wind up) my watch at nine o’clock in the evening. 8. I (to want) to get tickets to the Bolshoi Theatre. – You (to want) to hear the new opera? You (not to hear) it yet? 9. You (to be) to the Crimea? When you (to be) there? – I (to stay) there for two months in 1978. I (to remember) I (to like) everything there, and most of all I (to like) the sea. 10. Ann, what you (to do) here? – I (to wait) for a friend of mine.

Ex. 174. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite tense or the Past Perfect tense.

A. 1. The house was very quiet when I got home. Everybody (to go) to bed. 2. I felt very tired when I got home, so I (to go) straight to bed. 3. Sorry I’m late. The car (to break) down on my way here. 4. There was a car by the side of the road. It (to break) down and the driver was trying to repair it. So we (to stop) to see if we could help. 5. Was Tom there when you arrived? – No, he (to go) home. 6. Was Tom there when you arrived? – Yes, but he (to go) home soon afterwards. 7. I (to be) sorry that I (not to be) nicer to him. 8. Nobody (to come) to the meeting because Angela (to forget) to tell people about it. 9. I (to see) them last night. – I know. 10. Because he (not to check) the oil for so long, the car (to break) down. 11. She couldn’t find the book that I (to lend) her. 12. All the people we (to invite) turned up, and some that we (not to invite). 13. They never (to find) where he (to hide) the money. 14. It was a firm that I never (to hear) of. 15. When she (to come) in, we all knew where she (to be). 16. The lesson already (to start) when I (to arrive).

B. When I (to go) to Paris last spring for a job interview, I (not to be) there for five years. I (to arrive) the evening before the interview, and (to spend) a happy hour walking round thinking about the good times I (to have) there as a student.

As I was strolling by the Seine, I suddenly (to see) a familiar face – it was Nedjma, the woman I (to share) a flat with when I was a student, and whose address I (to lose) after leaving Paris. I could tell she (not to see) me, so I (to call) her name and she (to look) up. As she (to turn) towards me, I (to realize) that she (to have) an ugly scar on the side of her face. She (to see) the shock in my eyes, and her hand (to go) up to touch the scar; she (to explain) that she (to get) it when she was a journalist reporting on a war in Africa. She (not to be) uncomfortable telling me this; we (to feel) as if the years (not to pass), as if we (to say) goodbye the week before. She (to arrive) in Paris that morning, and she (to have) a hospital appointment the next day. The doctors (to think) that they could remove the scar, but she would have to stay in Paris for several months. Both of us (to have) the idea at the same time: if I (to get) the job, we could share a flat again. And we could start by having a coffee while we (to begin) to tell each other everything that (to happen) to us in the past five years.

Ex. 175. Translate the sentences into English.

А. 1. Вчора до 3 години він вже закінчив свою статтю. 2. Коли ми приїхали на станцію, потяг вже відійшов. 3. Я підійшов до вікна. Дощ вже скінчився. 4. Я прокинувся о 9 годині ранку. Мати вже встала і приготувала сніданок. 5. До 9 години ранку вона вже переклала цей лист. 6. Він казав, що вже купив подарунки до Різдва для всієї родини. 7. Ми зустрічались з ним вчора. Тоді він ще не поговорив з директором. 8. Коли я зателефонував йому вчора, його сестра сказала, що він пішов до театру. 9. Я прийшов, коли вони почали обідати. 10. Він сказав, що ніколи не був в оперному театрі. 11. Вчора він придбав новий годинник, тому що загубив свій старий. 12. До початку цього тижня все вже було влаштовано.

В. 1. Як, ти ще не зробив домашнє завдання? Чому ти не зробив його вчора? 2. Мій друг був дуже блідий, коли я його зустрів, я зрозумів, що з ним щось трапилось. Я запитав його про це, але він відповів, що нічого не сталося. 3. Я нікого не знав у цьому місті, коли Пітер познайомив мене зі своїми друзями. 4. Коли мій приятель пішов, я згадав, що забув повернути йому книжку. 5. До восьмої години Джек закінчив роботу. Він вийшов на вулицю. Дощ скінчився, у небі сяяло сонце, але було досить прохолодно. Коли він ішов додому, він зустрів свого приятеля, якого давно не бачив. Приятель не впізнав Джека, тому що з того часу, як вони бачились, минуло багато років. 6. Скільки книжок, з тих що я вам рекомендував, Ви прочитали до початку цього місяця? – На жаль, я не прочитав жодної, тому що займався тоді іншими справами, але зараз я читаю вже другу книжку з того списку. 7. Коли я підійшов, Мері розмовляла зі своїм викладачем про контрольну роботу, яку вони писали позавчора. Коли до нас наблизився Джон, Мері вже закінчила розмову з викладачем і розповідала мені, яку вечірку вона вирішила влаштувати з приводу свого дня народження.

Ex. 176. Use the Past Indefinite tense or the Past Perfect tense with the conjunctions hardly … when … , scarcely …. when … , no sooner …. than.

1. Five o’clock hardly (to strike) on the morning of the nineteenth of January when Bessie (to bring) a candle into my little room and (to find) me already up and nearly dressed. 2. Hardly I (to read) more than the first three chapters when I (to hear) a conversation going on in the next room. 3. Scarcely we (to make) ourselves comfortable in the parlour when an old fellow (to come) in smoking a long pipe. 4. No sooner he (to leave) the room than another man (to come) in. 5. Scarcely I (to finish) my work when my friends (to arrive). 6. Hardly we (to close) the door when a snowstorm (to begin). 7. No sooner I (to come) home and (to switch) on the TV than the figure-skating (to begin). 8. He hardly (to come) to his native town when he (to get) a telegram.

Ex. 177. Translate into English.

1. Не прочитав він і трьох сторінок, коли задзвонив телефон. 2. Я не був і п’яти хвилин у приймальні, як мене запросили до директора. 3. Ледве двері зачинилися за нею, як я згадала, що саме хотіла їй розповісти. 4. Не встигла я зайти сьогодні до університету, як зустріла дівчину, з якою вчилась у школі. 5. Ледве ми встигли закінчити писати контрольну роботу з граматики, як продзвенів дзвоник на наступне заняття. 6. Не встигли ми дійти до набережної, як розпочався салют.

Ex. 178. Put the verbs in brackets into the Past Indefinite tense, the Past Continuous tense or the Past Perfect tense.

A. 1. After Dickens’s family (to leave) Chatham and (to settle) down in London, things went from bad to worse. 2. By the time I (to get) to the University, the meeting already (to begin). 3. Yes, Mary? What you (to say)? 4. Then he (to get) up and (to go) to the kitchen and (to open) the fridge. 5. My mother (to make) sandwiches in the kitchen and (not to hear) the bell. 6. Mrs. Oliver (to have) her breakfast in bed when the telephone (to ring). 7. After I (to pass) the entrance examinations, I (to become) a student of the University. 8. We (to pack) everything by the time the taxi (to arrive). 9. When we (to go) to see them last night, they (to play) chess. 10. I (to understand) the true state of affairs even before I (to read) your letter. 11. The silence in the room (to tell) that the rain (to stop). 12. Margot (to go) to the door and (to lock) it and (to return) with the key.

B. 1. He even (not to count) the money that Lammiter (to hold) out to him. 2. I (to look) at her. She (to smile) to herself and (not to answer) my question at once. I (to repeat) it. 3. For some time she (not to realize) where she (to be) and what (to happen). 4. She (can) not think why she (not to think) about it before. 5. While we (to watch) the last scene, Jean’s warm tears (to fall) upon my hand one by one. 6. While she (to wash) the dishes, she (to drop) two cups but none of them (to break). 7. He (to look) through the window and (not to seem) to notice us. 8. She (to turn) half about and (to see) that the rain (to stop) and it (to be) a little brighter outside. 9. He (to tell) me that they (to be) at the same public school and (to be) friends ever since. 10. Peter (to walk) aimlessly up and down the room for a long time. He (not to know) what to do. 11. He (to make) good progress in French as he (to be taught) by an experienced teacher. 12. I (to go) quietly into the room. She (to sit) by the window staring at something. 13. They (to wander) about the forest for several hours. At last they (to decide) to return. 14. She (to get) into bed, (to lay) her head on the pillow and in two minutes (to sleep) like a child. 15. He (to make) tea and (to eat) the biscuits which Mrs. Aberdeen (to bring) him.

Ex. 179. Make the following sentences interrogative and negative. Explain the use of the Future Perfect tense.

1. I’ll have finished my work by the time you come. 2. The guests will have arrived by the time you return home. 3. She will have already dined by the time I call on her. 4. By eleven o’clock we shall have decorated the New Year tree. 5. Before you ring me up, I’ll have already laid the table. 6. By that time tomorrow they will have arrived in their native town. 7. By this time next year she will have graduated from the University.

Ex. 180. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Perfect tense.

1. By this time tomorrow we (to have) our injections. 2. By the end of next year I (to be) here twenty-five years. 3. By next winter they (to build) four houses in that district. 4. I (to save) $250 by this time next year. 5. By the time we get to the party, everything (to be) eaten. 6. The train (to leave) before we reach the station. 7. If I continue with my diet, I (to lose) 10 kilos by the end of the month. 8. By the end of my university course I (to attend) 1200 lectures. 9. By the time he leaves school, his parents (to spend) $6.000 on his education. 10. When you come back, I (to finish) all my housework. 11. The police (to hear) of the theft by this time. 12. On the fourth of next month he (to be) in prison for ten years. 13. When we reach the Crimea, we (to do) half of the journey. 14. If you don’t hurry, the sun (to rise) before we reach the top. 15. By midnight he (to be) unconscious for forty-eight hours.

Ex. 181. Translate into English.

1. Я закінчу свої справи до того часу, коли ви прийдете. 2. Чи всі іспити ви складете до кінця січня? 3. Коли ви дістанетесь до театру, вистава вже почнеться. 4. До 8 години ранку вони вже поснідають. 5. До 9. 30 матч вже закінчиться. 6. Коли ти прийдеш до нього, Джим вже ляже спати. 7. До початку наступного місяця він вже витратить усі свої гроші. 8. Наступного понеділка буде 3 роки, як Чак у Британії. 9. Коли ви закінчите читати цю книжку, ви вивчите багато нових слів та конструкцій. 10. До цього часу завтра вони вже перетнуть канал. 11. Якщо ви зателефонуєте мені о 10 годині, я вже поговорю із секретарем. 12. Мені б хотілося знати, коли вона повернеться. Якщо вона прийде після 1 липня, я її не побачу, тому що вже поїду на курорт.

Ex. 182. Rewrite the sentences using the imperative or a future form in one clause, and the Present Perfect tense in the other.

Model: I (to give) you these journals after I (to look) them through.

I will give you these journals after I have looked them through.

1. They (to join) us as soon as they (to finish) their work. 2. I (to ring) you up after I (to book) the tickets. 3. I (to let) you know as soon as I (to finish). 4. (Not to start) on Section 2 until you (to complete) all the questions in Section 1. 5. (Not to make) up your mind until you (to give) the matter some thought. 6. I (to be) ready for some lunch by the time I (to finish) digging in the house. 7. You (to get) used to our methods when you (to work) here a bit longer. 8. Please (not to smoke) until after the plane (to take off). 9. He (to make) a very fine tennis player when he (to have) a little more experience. 10. As soon as we (to solve) this problem, we (to be able) to go ahead.

Ex. 183. Put the verbs in brackets into the Future Indefinite, the Future Continuous, the Future Perfect, the Present Indefinite or the Present Perfect tenses. Remember that in clauses of time the Present Indefinite tense and the Present Perfect tense are used to denote future actions.

1. By the end of the year I (to read) five of Shaw’s plays. 2. They (to leave) the country before you (to go) to see them. 3. Don’t you know what Peter (to do) at 7 o’clock? 4. I think mother (to cook) the dinner by the time I (to come) home. 5. By the end of the next term we (to learn) a lot of new words. 6. I hope, when you (to rewrite) this exercise, there (not to be) so many mistakes in it. 7. I expect you (to grow up) by the time I (to come) back from England. 8. She (not to have) any pudding until she (to eat) her potatoes. 9. When I (to learn) a thousand English words, I (to be able) to read a newspaper? 10. I (to write) all my exercises long before you (to come) back. 11. Don’t ask for another book before you (to read) this one. 12. When I (to call) on her, Mary (to lay) the table. 13. When the hands of the clock (to be) close to midnight, our train (to approach) Vladivostok. 14. I hope that by the end of the year she (to teach) us to speak English a little. 15. Sit down, and when you (to rest), I (to show) you the garden.

Ex. 184. Supply the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

A. Mrs. White (to visit) her son John’s school tomorrow. When she (to get) there at 2 p.m., he (to have) the games, but this (not to matter) as she first (to go) to see the headmaster. By the time they (to finish) to talk, the lesson (to be) over and John (to have) a shower so that he (to be) ready to go home with his mother. In two hours John (to do) all his homework and (to be) quite free. When I (to arrive) at their house, John and his parents (to have) dinner. After dinner we (to listen) to the new records. Mrs. White (to make) some coffee by the time we (to stop) listening. We (to sit) in the dining-room and (to have) hot coffee. Then I (to go) home.

B. My friend’s brother (to finish) his studies by spring and he (to look) forward to teaching. After he (to graduate), he (to go) to a village to teach and I think he (to become) a good teacher and children (to like) him. Now he (to work) hard as he (to know) that time (to fly) quickly and it may happen that he (to have) no time to revise everything thoroughly. Yesterday we (to study) together. I (to help) him with his degree paper. Tomorrow he (to work) all day long and in the evening we (to go) for a walk as I think he (to finish) his work by that time.

Ex. 185. Use the Present, Past or Future Perfect tenses instead of the infinitives in brackets.

A. 1. The news that he (to leave) the town was a surprise to all of us. 2. Edward is a dear, I always (to be) very fond of him. 3. By the time you come, we (to do) the greater part of the work. 4. He asked himself if he (to see) her before. 5. By the end of last school year we (to learn) a lot of new words. 6. When he (to count) the money, he put it away. 7. I don’t know anything about it. I (not to see) him lately. He (to be) mostly in London all these days. 8. When by half past two he (not to appear), Dora was worried. 9. When I (to be) in your country for five years, I shall write a book about it. 10. I’ll stay until you (to do) your translation. 11. Those who (to write) the test, may leave the classroom.

B. 1. By six o’clock tomorrow I (to finish) my translation. 2. The police told not to let go out anybody who (to enter) already. 3. Next year is Ted and Amy’s 25^th wedding anniversary. They (to be) married for 25 years. 4. I (to be) to many parts of South America. First I (to go) there 10 years ago before I graduated from the University. 5. Of course we are late as usual. The film just (to begin). 6. We’re late. I expect the film already (to start) by the time we get to the cinema. 7. She (to be) the BBC German correspondent since 1992. By the beginning of the next year she (to work) for the BBC for 10 years. 8. When you finish this book, you (to learn) over a thousand words. 9. Now I’ve got a BMW. I (to have) it for two years. I (to buy) it before I got married. 10. We got married 9 years ago. Now we (to be) married for nine years. 11. By the end of the month the committee (to come) to some conclusion. They (not to come) to any conclusion yet. 12. We’ll start at five if it (to stop) raining by that time. 13. When you (to read) these books, put them away. 14. John expected to get a decent rise because he (to be) with the company for many years. 15. I already (to phone) Justin at the office, but I can’t get hold of him. And we won’t see him tonight, either. By the time we get home, he (to go) out.

Ex. 186. Translate into English using the correct forms of the verbs.

1. У кінці цього року буде 5 років, як ми знаємо один одного. 2. Вчора я зустрів дівчину, яка була закохана в мене, коли ми разом навчались в університеті. – Ти вже розповідав мені про це. 3. Ти був колись у Франції? – Так, я поїхав туди перед тим, як почав працювати в нашій компанії. 4. До 1 липня буде два тижні, як вони на морі. 5. Я вже два рази відвідав виставку картин Ренуара. Це чудово. Я ще ніколи не бачив більшості з цих картин. 6. Я теж збираюсь піти подивитись ті картини. – До того часу, як ти вирішиш піти туди, виставка вже закінчиться. 7. Я загубив свої окуляри. Чи ти їх не бачила? – Я впевнена, що ти знайдеш їх до того часу, як почнеться футбольний матч по телевізору. 8. Чи ви вже повечеряли? – Ні, але ми закінчимо вечерю, коли ти прийдеш по мене. 9. Він - вчитель з двадцяти одного року. Наступного місяця буде 6 років, як він працює у школі. Він почав тут працювати ще до того, як ми познайомились. 10. Ти вже згадала його телефон? – Ні, він сказав мені свій телефон перед тим, як пішов з вечірки, але я його забула.