7.1.5. Modal Verbs

Ex. 80. Translate the sentences from English into your native language. Pay attention to the modal verb can (could) and its equivalent to be able (to).

1. The girl can read now, but she can’t write. 2. What can I do for you? Can I help you? — Yes, please. 3. Can I have your pencil for a minute? — Certainly. 4. We couldn’t speak English last year. Can you do it now? — I’m afraid, I can’t. 5. Could you help me, please? — Certainly. 6. I had some free time yesterday and was able to go to my friend’s. 7. You will be able to see the sea from our bedroom window. 8. I’m afraid I shan’t be able to come to your party next Friday. 9. When we went into the house, we could smell some gas. 10. She spoke in a low voice but I could understand what she was saying. 11. I can’t speak German. Can you? — No, I can’t either. 12. Mary can’t be so careless. 13. He will be able to give me this book when he reads it. 14. I think she won’t be able to solve this problem. 15. Last year I could not ski but now I can. 16. Could you tell me the way to Trafalgar square?

Ex. 81. Fill in the blanks with could or was/were able (to).

1. I can’t sing now but I  sing very well when I was a child. 2. Did you persuade them? — Yes, it was difficult, but we  persuade them 3. My grandfather was very clever, he  speak five languages. 4. He can’t play tennis very well now but he  play quite well when he was younger. 5. Did they find your house? — Yes, it took them a long time but they  find it. 6. I looked for the book everywhere but I  find it (negative). 7. The fire spread quickly but everyone  to escape. 8. She can’t run very fast now but when she was at school she  run faster than anyone else. 9. He had hurt his leg so he  walk very well (negative). 10. Did you win the match? — Yes, it wasn’t easy but I  win. 11. I can’t swim very far these days but ten years ago I  swim from one side of the lake to the other. 12. Did the thief escape? — Yes, the policeman chased the thief but he  to escape. 13. She wasn’t at home when I phoned but I  contact her at her office. 14. I looked very carefully and I  see a figure in the distance. 15. My grandmother loved music. She  play the piano very well.

Ex. 82. Fill in the blanks with can, could or to be able (to). Some of the sentences are negative.

1. In my country you  get married when you are sixteen. 2. Speak up! I  hear you! 3.  I borrow your dictionary? 4. I’d love  help you, but I  . I’m sorry. 5. I  get into my house last night because I’d lost my key. 6. Women  vote in England until 1922. 7. I’m learning Spanish because I want  speak to people when I’m in Mexico. 8. The doctor says I  walk again in two week’s time. 9. It’s cold today, you  go without your coat on. 10. Have you a friend whom you . trust? 11.He  see me. I came when he had gone. 12. I am not a person who  tell a lie. 13. It’s raining today. We  have a walk. 14. How  you make such a mistake as to suppose that I was younger than you? 15. Say what you like but you … do this work in two days. 16. The box was too heavy. He  carry it himself. 17. Sh! She  hear you! 18. How strange!  you believe that? 19. The meat was underdone I … eat it. 20. You  tell me what he said. 21. The water is too dirty. You  drink it. 22. I  swim. I expect you  . Everyone  except me. 23. The text was too difficult. We  translate it without a dictionary.

Ex. 83. Translate into English using can (could) and its equivalent to be able (to).

1. Я не можу чекати на нього. 2. Чи можеш ти відповісти на це запитання? 3. Хто може перекласти це речення? 4. Ми не могли дістатися до університету до 9 години. 5. Вона не зможе навчитися гарно грати на піаніно. 6. Я не зможу прийти на наступне заняття з англійської мови. 7. Вона не могла йти так швидко. 8. Що я можу зробити для вас? 9. Ви не могли зробити це без моєї допомоги. 10. Вона не могла закінчити школу минулого року. 11. Коли ви зможете це зробити? 12. Чи зможе ваша сестра купити нам завтра квиток? 13. Ви можете допомогти їй накрити стіл для обіду? 14. Чим я можу бути корисним вам? 15. Ви зможете взяти участь в обговоренні цього питання? 16. Він не міг піти з ними в сад, бо йшов дощ. 17. Хто з вас зможе перекласти цю статтю за годину? 18. Мері не могла запросити так багато гостей на вечірку. 19. Моя подруга вміє грати на скрипці. 20. Мій брат умів розмовляти англійською, коли був дитиною. 21. Чи зможуть вони дістати квитки на цю виставу? 22. Ольга не могла повірити, що він зараз у Києві. 23. Ти зможеш це зробити завтра? 24. Я зможу дати тобі книгу на кілька днів після того, як прочитаю її сама. 25. Коли ви зможете провідати нас? 26. Йому було добре видно. 27. Я дуже радий, що вони змогли прийти. 28. Я вмію грати в теніс, однак я не в змозі грати зараз, бо погано себе почуваю.

Ex. 84. Translate the sentences from English into your native language. Pay attention to the modal verb may (might) and its equivalent to be allowed (to), to be permitted (to).

1. May I go to the post office with Mike? 2. May we take notes with a pencil? 3. You may go now. 4. If you have done your homework, you may go for a walk. 5. May children play with scissors? 6. You may not cross the road when the light is red. 7. Don’t give the vase to the child: he may break it. 8. Don’t go to the woods alone: you may lose your way. 9. It stopped raining and mother told us that we might go out. 10. Who said that the children might go for a walk? 11. The children are old enough. They are allowed to go to school alone. 12. Were you permitted to take this book? 13. You will be allowed to go to the disco when you do your lessons. 14. When shall I be permitted to have ice-cream? 15. Yesterday she was not allowed to come home late. 16. You won’t be permitted to go to the cinema alone.

Ex. 85. Make up sentences as in the models.

Model A: To take your pen. May I take your pen? — Of course, you may. (I’m afraid, not, I need it.).

To smoke here; to use your dictionary; to wait for you; to leave the room; to clean the blackboard; to have a bite; to come later.

Model B: To smoke here. — He said you might smoke here.

To answer the question; to stay here; to take this book; to read the text; to watch TV in the evening; to help your friend with his English.

Model C: To take this book. — I am (was, will be) allowed to take this book.

To talk at the lessons. — We are not (were not, won’t be) allowed to talk at the lessons.

To use father’s tape-recorder; to go to the mountains on holidays; to swim in cold water; to keep books for more than a fortnight; to invite your friends to your birthday party.

Model D: I’ll probably do it today. — I may do it today.

Perhaps she will ring you up. — She may ring you up.

It’s possible that he will go there. — He may go there.

1. It’s possible that he will come tomorrow. 2. I’ll probably give you a call tonight. 3. Perhaps she is ill. 4. It’s possible that the Browns are in Brighton, but I am not sure. 5. They will probably arrive tonight. 6. Perhaps Ann will be sent on an archaeological expedition.

Ex. 86. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the modal verb may or its equivalents.

1. I  bring sister to your party? 2. He asked if he  bring his sister to the party. 3. After they had finished their work, the children  watch TV. 4. He  join the sports section as soon as he is through with his medical examinations. 5. Becky’s mother said that everybody  take part in the picnic. 6. If you don’t put on a raincoat, you  get wet to the skin. 7. It  rain soon. 8. He  go home if he likes. 9. As soon as the boy  leave the room, he smiled a happy smile and ran out to join his friends outside. 10. Be careful: you  fall. 11. The doctor says I am much better. I  get up for a few hours every day. 12. Where’s Jack? — I’m not sure. He  be in his office.

Ex. 87. Translate into English using modal verb may (might), and its equivalents to be allowed (to), to be permitted (to).

1. Ви можете прийти пізніше? 2. Можна мені задати питання? 3. Ви можете почекати мене в коридорі. 4. Можна мені зателефонувати вам сьогодні ввечері? 5. Він сказав, що мені можна залишитись там. 6. Вчитель сказав, що ми можемо зробити цю вправу вдома. 7. Дітям дозволили піти погуляти. 8. Олегу дозволять послухати музику після занять. 9. Мама сказала, що Петро може пообідати вдома. 10. Чи можу я поїхати до лікаря? 11. Дітям дозволили піти спати о дванадцятій годині. 12. Він, мабуть, зараз вдома.

Ex. 88. Fill in the blanks with can or may in the correct form.

1.  you play the piano? 2.  Benny watch TV before going to bed? 3. I think I  do the work myself. 4.  your friend speak English? 5.  I have another cup of tea? 6. You  stay a little longer if you like. 7. I  hear you. Speak louder, please. 8. You  take the book home. 9.  I visit you one of these days? 10. you lift this box? 11. When the fog lifted we  see where we were. 12. She asked me if she  use my dictionary. 13. The telephone is out of order. I  not hear anything. 14.  you help me a little? 15.  he read the letter? 16. You  think whatever you like. 17. I  not walk so quickly. I have a weak heart. 18. You  take the textbook. I don‘t need it any longer. 19. When you get there, tell them to wait. I  be a little late. 20. I  come at six. I‘ll be free by that time 21. None of us know what  happen before it is finished. 22. This  be a great idea. It  also be a trap in which England will perish. 23. I told them he  be in the garden. 24. Don‘t send him away. We  need his advice. 25. I fear they  miss the train. They left rather late. 26. He  be a medical student though I‘m not sure.27. It was a year or two ago, or it  be three years ago. 28. She came to ask her mother if she  stay and dance a little longer.

Ex. 89. Translate the sentences from English into your native language. Pay attention to the modal verb must and its equivalent to be (to), to have (to).

1. You must work hard at your English. 2. Everybody must come to school in time. 3. Must we learn the poem today? 4. You must not talk at the lessons. 5. You must not make notes in the books. 6. It must be very difficult to learn Chinese. 7. Don’t ring him up: he must be very busy. 8. It must be very difficult to solve such problems. 9. He must work systematically if he wants to know French well. 10. He is to come here at five o’clock. 11. He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger. 12. Roses were to be planted round the pond. 13. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 14. When was the train to leave? 15. She is so clever that they won’t have to hire a tutor for her. 16. They had so many debts that they had to sell a few precious gems. 17. She lives so far that she has to get up at 5 a.m. 18. She is so naughty that we often have to punish her. 19. She missed him so much that he had to return to her. 20. She has such rich parents that she doesn’t have to work. 21. We have such a big house that we have to hire two servants.

Ex. 90. Make up sentences as in the models.

Model A: To be ready to answer all the questions. — You must be ready to answer all my questions.

To come by 5 o’clock; to do this work; to clean your teeth every morning; to help your mother about the house; to see the doctor; to listen to the teacher attentively; to water the flowers every day.

Model B: To call the doctor — He has to call the doctor because mother is ill.

To stay at home; to write the exercise at home; to get up early in the morning; to buy some biscuits; to look up new words in the dictionary; to go to bed late; to write a composition on Sunday.

Model C: To explain the grammar rule once more. — He had to explain the grammar rule once more because it was difficult.

To get ready for the dictation; to look up new words in the dictionary; to work hard at her pronunciation; to learn the rule by heart; to have short rest; to go to bed after midnight.

Model D: To wait for a long time. — You’ll have to wait for a long time because I have a lot of work to do.

To get the necessary books; to write the exercise; to send her a telegram; to speak to your English teacher; to go to bed now; to make a report in English; to have tea instead of coffee.

Model E: To come to the examination at 10 o’clock. — I am (was) to come to the examination at 10 o’clock.

To have classes at 11 o’clock; to have a short break after classes; to have an English class on Tuesday; to have winter vacation in January; to come to the University at 8.30; to clean the flat on Saturday; to start my work at 9.

Ex. 91. Finish the sentences as in the models.

Model A: I am very tired (to rest a little). — I must rest a little.

1. You are very sleepy (to go to bed). 2. Nick wants to be a teacher of History (to study History). 3. They are ill (to stay in bed). 4. We want to get some books on ancient History (to go to the library). 5. I don’t feel well (to stay at home). 6. We have a lot of things to do for tomorrow (to stay at the library). 7. He lives far from the University (to get up early). 8. She is going to make a report on international situation (to look through the latest newspapers and magazines).

Model B: You had breakfast at 7 o’clock. It is 12 o’clock (to be hungry). You must be hungry.

1. You had a lot of work to do (to be tired). 2. Your father is in the bath-room (to be taking a shower). 3. I advise you to ring him up (to be at home now). 4. Ask Nick to help you with political economy (to know it well). 5. It is already 8 o’clock in the morning (to be ready to leave for the University) 6. Her hair is long and thick (to be difficult to comb her hair). 7. They read all the necessary books and magazines long ago (to be ready for exams). 8. Tomorrow she will have a seminar in literature (to be at the library preparing for a report now).

Ex. 92. Give short answers to the following questions: Yes, you (I, etc.) must. No, you (I, etc.) needn’t.

1. Must we go to the University during our holidays? 2. Must you do your lessons right after classes? 3. Must you hurry if you have plenty of time? 4. Must a student read a rule once more if everything is quite clear to him? 5. Must you have coffee for your breakfast every morning? 6. Must you go to the library if you have all necessary books at home? 7. Must we write a long composition?

Ex. 93. Make up the sentences and change them as in the model.

Model: We are not allowed to smoke here. — We mustn’t smoke here.

To speak Ukrainian at our English lessons; to talk at the lectures; to miss our classes; to be late for classes; to smoke in the classroom; to make a noise in the library; to look out of the windows in trams or buses; to work at English by fits and starts; to waste the time before exams.

Ex. 94. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the modal verb can, may, must.

A. 1. What  we see on this map? 2.  you speak Spanish? — No, unfortunately, I  . 3. At what time  you come to school? 4.  I come in? 5. You  not smoke here. 6.  I take your book? — I’m afraid not: I need it. 7. He  not speak English yet. 8. I have very little time: I  go. 9. They  not go to the park today because they are busy. 10. You  read this text: it is easy enough. 11. This child  spend more time out in the open air. 12. They  ask me about him. What should I say?

B. 1. I have forgotten my own language and  speak nothing but yours. 2. We  go somewhere. We  wander about for ever. 3. You  see much of interest there. 4. It seemed possible they  return. 5. No good looking back; things happen as they  . 6. How  you let things slide like that, Dick? 7. I think you  be glad of some coffee before you start back to your hotel. 8. You  not go out so late at night. 9. I think it  happen sooner or later. 10. And though he undressed and got into bed he  not sleep. 11. I  come tonight,  I not? 12. Somebody is knocking at the door. It  be John. — It  not be John. It is too early for him to be back. 13. He  be a medical student though I’m not sure. 14. Whatever the reason  be, the fact remains. 15. A fool  ask more questions than a wise man  answer. 16. You  go when you have finished your composition. 17. When  you come and see me? — Let me see: I  not come tomorrow for I  be at the meeting but on Sunday I  come. 18. Waiting  be endless, you know.

Ex. 95. Translate into English using modal verbs.

1. Чи можна вам допомогти? — Так, будь ласка. 2. Ви повинні запам’ятати адресу і піти туди відразу ж. 3. Якийсь чоловік хоче бачити вас. — Можемо запросити його сюди. 4. Чи повинна я заплатити вам відразу ж? — Ні, не потрібно, я можу зачекати. 5. Ви повинні підписати листа і поставити дату. 6. Він може це зробити вчасно, чи не так? 7. Чи можу я бачити лікаря? — Так, він у кабінеті. Сюди, будь ласка. 8. Можна ввімкнути радіо? — Мабуть, що ні. Діти повинні йти спати. 9. Чим можу допомогти? — Ви можете багато для мене зробити. 10. Можна задати вам запитання? — Так, будь ласка.

Ex. 96. Make up questions with the correct form of to have (to) as in the model.

Model: Tom had to go to the police station. Why?

Why did Tom have to go to the police station?

1. We had to get up very early to catch the bus. At what time? 2.Ann has to leave tomorrow. At what time exactly ? 3. We had to answer a lot of questions at the examination. How many questions ? 4. George had to pay a parking fine. How much  ? 5. I have to get up early tomorrow. Why  ? 6. My mother has to go abroad a lot. How often  ? 7. I have to leave tomorrow morning. What time ? 8. We had to wait for ages. How long ? 9. I have to take my car to the garage. Why ? 10. Peter had to stay in bed for a week. Why ?

Ex. 97. Choose the correct verb form from those given in brackets.

1. You (mustn’t / don’t have to) tell Mary what I told. It’s a secret. 2. The museum is free. You (mustn’t / don’t have to) pay to get in. 3. Children (mustn’t / don’t have to) tell lies. 4. Jerry’s a millionaire. He (mustn’t / doesn’t have to) go to work. 5. I (mustn’t / don’t have to) do my washing. My mother does it for me. 6. We (mustn’t / don’t have to) rush. We’ve got plenty of time. 7. You (mustn’t / don’t have to) play with guns. They’re dangerous. 8. This is my favourite pen. You can borrow it but you (mustn’t / don’t have to) lose it. 9. Shall I come with you? — You can if you want, but you (mustn’t / don’t have to).

Ex. 98. Fill in the blanks with must or have (to).

1. Don’t worry about that. You  do as you think best. 2. My mother was unwell, and I  go to the chemist’s. 3. I  go and look at the dinner. 4. Yesterday’s rain spoilt my hat completely. I  buy a new one. 5. There was no one to help him so he  move the furniture himself. 6. “Oh, hallo”, — she said, — “I thought you  have gone home”. 7. They didn’t answer my first knock so I  knock twice. 8. You  always come to me if anything goes wrong. 9. He was very sorry to think that he would  part with it. 10. I had a sleepless night. I  go and see the doctor and get him to give me something. I can’t go on like that.

Ex. 99. Paraphrase the given sentences using to be (to) as in the model.

Model: The lecture is supposed to begin at eight. — The lecture is to begin at eight.

I expect her to come and help. — She is to come and help.

It was planned that we should wait for them at the door.

We were to wait for them at the door.

Who will take care of children? — Who is to take care of

children?

1. What am I supposed to do if they come too early? 2. It was arranged that the youngest children would play on the beach. 3. We expect you to show the place to her. 4. I am expected to leave tomorrow at the latest. 5. This is Dora. It is arranged that she will share the room with you. 6. And who will do the cooking? 7. It is expected that two more apartment houses will be built here. 8. It was arranged that the cup final would be played that afternoon. 9. Who will meet you at the station? 10. It was arranged that he should speak at the conference.

Ex. 100. Fill in the blanks with the modal verb must or the correct forms of its equivalents to be (to) and to have (to).

1. She  send a telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2. They decided that she  send a telegram every tenth day. 3. Do you know this man? He  be our new teacher of History. 4. It is raining. You  put on your raincoat. 5. You  go out today. It is too cold. 6. I  wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak. 7. Where  the lecture to take place? 8. Peter  return the books to the library. We all want to read it. 9. It was raining hard and we  wait until it stopped raining. 10. I  ask him about it tomorrow as today he has already gone. 11.  I go there right now? — Yes, you  12. I’m glad the lessons will begin later now. The children  get up so early. 13. Children  play with matches. 14. It was late and they  light the fire to cook their supper. 15. You  give it back to me before you go. 16. I made a few mistakes, so I  do the whole exercise again. 17. She  be married next month. 18. You  miss this film: it is extraordinary good. 19. Jim  make a speech at the meeting but he had fallen ill, so Tom  speak instead. 20. We  be there at 12 sharp. 21. We  wait long. The bus came almost at once. 22. You … learn the whole poem.

Ex. 101. Translate into English using the modal verb must and its equivalents to have (to) and to be (to).

1. Мені доводиться вставати рано. Я мушу починати роботу о 8 годині. 2.Заняття в школі мають закінчитися о другій годині дня. 3. Мені потрібно поговорити з вами. 4. Ми повинні виконати домашнє завдання на понеділок. 5. Поїзд мав прибути о 12 годині. 6. Мені потрібно буде зателефонувати додому. 7. Я мав зустріти свого друга, але не зміг. 8. Їм не довелося довго чекати. 9. Я маю бути вдома о дванадцятій годині, і мені потрібно поквапитись, тому що зараз вже за дванадцять хвилин дванадцята. 10. Коли має закінчитися цей урок? 11. Мені доведеться зателефонувати йому та дізнатися , коли ми маємо їхати туди. 12. Де я мушу на вас чекати? 13. Чи повинен я зустріти їх на станції? — Ні, не потрібно. Ви мусите чекати на них тут.

Ex. 102. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs can, may, must, need or their equivalents in the correct forms.

1. You  bring your books to class tomorrow. We are going to listen to a wireless programme. 2. You  learn the poem. You  only read it. 3. You  be late for the concert. 4. I  hardly say how important it is. 5. I’m going to bed. I  be up early tomorrow. 6. If you have got a ticket, you  queue. You  go straight in. 7. You  take my exercise-book if you want. 8. We are late. We  take a taxi. 9. I  type this letter for you. 10. I like the house, but I have not decided yet. My wife  see it first. 11. The train  come at 5, but something has happened. 12. You  be careful. 13. You strike a match I  see well enough. 14. You  be rude in order to make her obey, otherwise she  complain to your boss and you  work. 15. You  study hard in order to be a lawyer. 16. We  prepare for my coming exam yesterday, but I  look after my sick sister. 17. The doctor said, “The child is very ill. He  be taken to the hospital at once”. 18. The question  be discussed in tomorrow’s debate. 19. You  do whatever you like. 20. He  swim very soon. 21. They  knock twice before the door opened. 22. You  drive a car at night without lights. 23. The day we … start it rained worse than ever. 24. You  tell him my telephone number. He knows it. 25. We  live without food and water. We  eat and drink.

Ex. 103. Translate into English using the modal verbs or the correct forms of their equivalents.

А. 1. Я можу показати вам дуже цікаву статтю. 2. Ми повинні відвідати цю лекцію у понеділок. 3. Ми не можемо обговорювати ці питання після занять, тому що я повинна піти. 4. Чи може вона перекласти ці англійські тексти? 5. Чи повинні ми повернути ці журнали сьогодні? 6. Ви можете зачекати у моєму кабінеті. 7. Я повинна піти до бабусі у понеділок.8. Можливо, мій брат знає її адресу. 9. Вам не потрібно йти до бібліотеки, тому що ви й так маєте вдома багато книжок і можете взяти будь-яку книжку, яку захочете. 10. Коли наступний урок англійської? — Він має бути у п’ятницю вранці. 11. Чи можна ввімкнути радіо? — Мабуть, що ні. Діти повинні йти спати. 12. Текст настільки важкий, що йому доводиться дивитися у словнику майже кожне слово.

В. 1. Ця студентка могла зробити всю роботу сама. 2. Він міг піти до бібліотеки з вами. 3. Вчора ми повинні були виконати багато письмових вправ. 4. Нам з Колею довелося йти швидше, щоб не запізнитися на вокзал. 5. Вчора я повинен був залишитися вдома. 6. Ці студенти могли розмовляти англійською ще минулого року. 7. Вам не потрібно було вставати так рано. 8. Моя маленька племінниця так втомилася у неділю, що була не в змозі щось робити. 9. Мені дозволили взяти цю книгу. 10. Хто сказав, що діти можуть йти на вулицю? 11. Їм дозволили прийти в суботу. 12. Ввечері він був дома, тому що йому не потрібно було йти до університету.

С. 1. Коли ви зможете приїхати до нас? 2. Чи зможу я доїхати до площі Пушкіна дванадцятим тролейбусом? – Звичайно, зможете. Він має зараз прийти. 3. Мені доведеться зателефонувати йому ще раз і довідатися, коли мають початися збори. 4. Кому дозволять взяти участь у дискусії. 5. Йому потрібно буде купити нові черевики. Його черевики зовсім старі.

Ex. 104. Analyse the meaning of can (could), may (might), must, should + have + V-ed, III.

1. Can she have done it? 2. The woman must have been at actress once. 3 He cannot have thought of this himself. 4. Oh, dear, I must have given you the wrong dial. 5. Can he have found their shelter? 6. Could she have come here last year? 7. He can't have gone without seeing us. 8. They may have lived here since the house was built. 9. You could have made quite a nice program out of hers, I suppose. 10.1 may have lost your address. 11. He must have gone abroad. 12. We should have informed Dick about our plans. 13. You shouldn't have read the letter. 14.1 can't have found my scarf myself J must have lost it. 15. Grandfather might have secretly married the girt. 16. If the woman is a thief, the police should be informed.

Ex. 105. Choose between must + Perfect Infinitive and should + Perfect Infinitive in the following sentences.

1. Henry was deported for having an expired visa. He ... (to have) his visa renewed. 2. Juliet was absent for the first time yesterday. She ... (to be) sick. 3. The photos are black. The X-rays at the airport... (to damage) them. 4. Blanca got a parking ticket. She ... (to park; negative) in a reserved spot, since she had no permit. 5. Carmencita did very well on the exam. She ... (to study) very hard. 6. Janet did very badly on the exams. She (to study) harder. 7. German called as soon as his wife had her baby. He ... (to be very proud). 8. Eve had to pay $5.00 because she wrote a bad check. She ... (to deposit) her money before she wrote a check. 9. John isn't here yet. He ... (to forget) about our meeting. 10. Alexis failed the exam. He ... (to study; negative) enough.

Ex. 106. Choose the correct answer in each of the following sentences according to meaning and tense.

1. Marcela didn't come to class yesterday. She (will have had / may have had) an accident. 2. John didn't do his homework, so the teacher became very angry. John (must have done / should have done) his homework. 3. Sharon was supposed to be here at nine o'clock. She (must forget / must have forgotten) about our meeting. 4. Where do you think Juan is today? I have no idea. He (should have slept / may have slept) late. 5. George missed the class today. He (might have had / might had had) an accident. 6. Robert arrived without his book. He (could have lost / would have lost) it. 7. Thomas received a warning for speeding. He (should have driven / shouldn't have driven) so. fast 8. Henry's car stopped on the highway. It (may run / may have run) out of gas. 9. The grass is wet. It (must have rained / could have rained) last night. 10. John (must have gone / might have gone) to the movie yesterday, 11. The cause of death (could have been / should have been) bacteria. 12. The policeman (shall make / should have made) a report about the burglary.

Ex. 107. Translate into English.

І. Він би міг прийти, якби ми його запросили (але ми не запросили). 2. Ви б могли запросити мене на своє весілля (докір). 3. Вам не варто було б їхати на тому автомобілі з несправними гальмами. Ви б могли потрапити у серйозну аварію (але не потрапили). 4. Джон, мабуть, втратив самоконтроль. 5. Вона сказала, що її батьки, мабуть, вже приїхали. 6. Він, напевне, не там завернув (не в тому місці). 7. Невже Джон збрехав мені? 8. Чому тут нема Тедді? Він, напевне, запізнився на поїзд. 9. Ніхто, мабуть, не купив цю картину. 10. Йому варто було б порадити Томасу приєднатися до нас. 11. Гарольду слід було б бути більш обережним. 12. Напевне, ваш суворий погляд перешкодив Тому у всьому зізнатися. ІЗ. їй обов'язково треба було зателефонувати мамі та попередити, що вона, можливо, не приїде. 14. Ви могли б принести книги вчасно. 15. Можливо, вона загубила сумку. 16. Ви могли б запропонувати свою допомогу, коли він потрапив у халепу. 17. Можливо, він зробив це, ніхто не знає. 18. Він, можливо, заблукав. 19. Він, напевне, зробив помилку. 20. Невже, він дійсно зробив все так, як обіцяв тобі? Це так на нього не схоже.

Ех. 108. Complete the following sentences with shall, will, would.

1. Now and then Gavin ... stop to point out silently some rarity. 2. When we were at the seaside, we ... go bathing every day. 3. She ... walk to the station when the weather was fine. 4. He's very good. He ... play with that toy for hours on end. 5. As she grew old she ... often talk about her father. 6. Kate is very generous. She ... lend you money if you need it. 7. When he needed extra money, he ... work overtime. 8. Mrs. Selby is a chatterbox. She ... carry on talking for hours and hours if you give her a chance. 9. When we went out, Jack ... always take an umbrella with him whether it was raining or not. 10. He ... always say something which makes me laugh. 11. He ... slam the door when he comes in. 12. I want to run my own establishment. And you … one day. 13. Marry, ... you marry me? Yes, I ... . 14. He ... fall to smoking cigarette after cigarette and the glowing stubs ... lie around like petals. 15. The victory of peace can and ... be won. There ... be no war. 16. My boy ... not be worried. 1 ... protect him. 17. He ... always say something which makes us laugh. 18. ... we have our classes from 4 till 6? 19. ... I stick a stamp on the postcard? 20. Barbara ... marry not the man they like, but the man I like. 21. ... you have rum in your tea? 22. Promise not to be angry and you .... know the very truth. 23. We ... reduce unemployment.

Ex. 109. Complete each sentence with will, would, won't, wouldn't.

1. If you ... tell me the truth, I ... get your enemy to tell me lies. 2. I asked her several times to be careful but she ... listen to me. 3. Don't worry. I ... look after your garden, 4. I had two Indian girls to teach. Their parents were old-fashioned and ... send them to school 5. He ... sit for hours reading, paying no attention to what was going on around him. 6. I'm always tired these days. – Well, you ... go to bed so late every night, it isn't surprising. 7. I ... be careful with the car, I promise. 8. I ... call you when I am ready. 9. I ... keep you any longer. 10. I've asked him until I'm blue in the face. He ... tell me anything. 11. But we ... win, we have to win. 12. He thought I was a freak because I... carry a weapon.

Ex. 110. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Я просила, я благала, але він так і не дав мені грошей. 2. Не розумію, чому вікно не відчиняється. 3. Я не зміг з'їздити за місто у минулу неділю, бо батьки нізащо не дозволили взяти їхню машину. 4. Він сказав, що йому потрібно поїхати через кілька днів, та ми й слухати не хотіли. 5. Я ліг і намагався заснути, але сон не приходив. 6. Ми нікому не скажемо, про що ми дізналися. Не хвилюйтесь. 7. Він часто бачив, як вона посміхалася чомусь. 8. Зазвичай вечорами він сідав на веранді і викурював цигарку. 9. Сестра нізащо не хотіла брати мене на пікнік. 10. Щонеділі вона зазвичай сідала за піаніно і співала нам. 11. Ми не можемо змиритися з тим, що він відстає від групи. 12. Друзі намагалися переконати мене, та я не хотів їх слухати.

Ех. 111. Translate the sentences into English using shall, should, will, would in the positive or negative form.

1. Ви отримаєте задоволення завтра, не сумнівайтеся. 2. Я нізащо не зміню свою професію. 3. Я прохаю її не палити, та вона всеодно продовжує палити. 4. Я, бувало, пізно лягав спати та пізно прокидався. 5. Увімкнути світло? У кімнаті стає темно. 6. Вона пожалкує про це, я впевнений. 7. Зазвичай він вигулює собаку перед сном. 8. Дитина погано себе поводить. 9. Перш; ніж я піду, дайте мені попити, або я помру від спраги. 10. Ви не залишите кімнату, доки я вам не дозволю. 11. Що б ти робив, якби мене не було поруч? 12. З якої причини мені обманювати тебе? 13. Я зустрічався з нею. Бувало, вона купляла мені чашечку кави. Мені потрібно було б відмовитись, та я був дурний. 14. Чи не бажаєте ви зняти пальто? •

Ех. 112. Fill in the blanks with must not or need not.

I. You ... ring the bell, I have a key. 2. 'You ... play with matches', said Mother. 3.1 ... go to the shops today. There is plenty of food in the house. 4. You ... strike a match; the room is full of gas. 5. We ... drive fast; we have plenty of time. 6. You drive fast; there is a speed limit here. 7. You ... turn on the light; I can see quite well, *». You ... ask a woman her age. It's not polite.

Ex. 113. Fill in the blanks with didn't have to or needn't have.

1. You ... (bring) your umbrella, as we are going by car. 2. You ... (water) the flowers, as it is going to rain. 3. I ... (translate) it for him, he did it himself, he understands Latin. 4. I ... (answer) the questions, which saved me a lot of trouble. 5. I knew I ... (lock) the door after me, but how was I to know you wanted to come out, too? 6. I ... (ring) the bell because the door opened before I got to it. 7. I ... (help) them at all, they themselves knew what to do. 8. I ... (write) to him because the news was already known to him. He phoned me shortly afterwards. 9. You ... (listen) to him. His information was misleading. 10. You ... (buy) such a lot of flowers. We've already got more than necessary. 11. He ... (get up) so early every day. It was only on that particular occasion that he did. 12. You ... (stay) if you didn't want to. We could have done without you just as well.

Ex. 114. Give negative replies to the following questions.

Note. Mustn't in a reply means "не можна" (заборона),

needn’t – "не потрібно" (немає необхідності),

can't – "не можна" (немає можливості),

I'm afraid not – ввічлива відмова.

1. May I go out and play in the street? –.... It's dangerous to play in the street.

2. May I open the window? –.... It's cold outside.

3. Must he come here today? – .... He may come tomorrow.

4. May I take your textbook for a moment? –.... I must finish the exercise.

5. Must 1 bring the ear-phone? –.... It's the monitor's task.

6. Can I see the Dean? –.... He is busy.

7. Must we all come to the laboratory at 12? – .... You may come half an hour later.

8. May I write with your pencil? –.... It's broken.

9. May I take it at home? – .... The book is not mine.

10. Can I speak to the secretary? –... He is out.

Ex. 115. Complete these sentences using the modal verbs must, mustn't, can, can't, needn't; sometimes two answers are possible.

Model: You needn't wait any longer. You can go now.

We mustn't make a noise. We must be quiet.

You must move your car. You can't / mustn't park here.

I. You mustn't leave the door unlocked. You ... lock it. 2. You can only smoke in the canteen. You ... smoke in this room. 3. We needn't do the washing up now. We ... do it tomorrow. 4. We can stay a bit longer. We ... go now. 5. You can't keep on using my tennis shoes. You ... buy your own. 6. You can keep those magazines. You ... give them back to me. 7. He must tell her this news. He ... keep silence. 8. He needn't go to the library I ... give her the book she needs. 9. You can do your homework in the evening. You ... do it now. 10. You needn't get up early. I ... cook my breakfast myself. 11. You mustn't be late. We ... take a taxi.

Ex. 116. Choose the most suitable answer: A, B, C.

1. It isn't cold. You ... wear a coat. (A. mustn't, B. needn't, C. can't). 2. You ... fall asleep when you drive a car. (A. mustn't, B. needn't, C. must). 3. You ... drive a car without a license. (A. needn't, B. can't, C. mustn't). 4. He ... get up early. It's Sunday today. (A. must, B. mustn't, C. needn't). 5. You ... ring her up. She is coming tomorrow. (A. mustn't, B. needn't, C. must). 6. She is waiting for you. You ... hurry. (A. must, B. mustn't, C. needn't). 7. If you want to speak English, you ... be afraid of making mistakes. (A. mustn't, B. must, C. needn't). 8. The weather is fine today. You ... close the window. (A. must, B. needn't, C. mustn't). 9. You feel bad. You ... go to see a doctor. (A. need, B. must, C. can). 10. You ... have a passport to visit most foreign countries. (A needn't, B. mustn't, C. can't). 11. I... go to bed early on Sunday; we are going hiking on Monday. (A. can, B. needn't, C. must).

Ex. 117. Translate the sentences into English.

1. У мене немає цих книжок вдома і мені потрібно ходити до бібліотеки. 2. Мені не довелося їй писати. Мені не треба було писати їй. 3. Їй не потрібно зараз поспішати. 4. Нам не потрібно було залишатися там довго. 5. Вам не треба палити. Ви повинні більше приділяти уваги власному здоров'ю. 6. Їй не можна виходити. Вона ще хвора. 7. Ви не повинні говорити російськoю на уроках англійської мови. 8 Мені треба туди йти? – Ні. 9. Нам не потрібно буде їм телефонувати. 10. Йому не потрібно йти у їдальню обідати. Він може пообідати тут. 11. Вам не треба було звати лікаря. Але ви позвали. 12. Вам прийдеться їх провести. Вони не знають дороги.

Ех. 118. Change these sentences to express a) certainty, b) supposition, c) disbelief. Use modal verbs in the correct grammatical forms. Pay attention to the form of the infinitive.

Model: The flight has been cancelled.

1. Certainty: The flight must have been cancelled.

2. Supposition: The flight may / might have been cancelled.

3. Disbelief: The flight can't /couldn't have been cancelled.

A. 1. The door is locked on the inside, 2. Jane sprained her ankle. 3. Helen has been held up by the traffic. 4. He is still lecturing at Moscow University. 5. The Browns will make a stop-over in Paris. 6. The treaty will be ratified in the near future. 7. They didn't get Mr. Carter on the phone. 8. Joseph didn't recognize you. 9. The case against Mr. Tucker will be dismissed. 10. Robert won't violate traffic rules.

В. The driver took a side-road. 2. You've left your passport at home. 3. There was a mistake in the calculations. 4. This point was added later. 5. Evans is digging in the garden. 6. The mechanic is testing the engine. 7. Jean has forgotten all about it. 8. Donald will go on holiday in June. 9. Guy will clear it up. 10. He has an alibi.

C. 1. Ann is so naive. 2. We missed our stop. 3. The Mortlakes have been away since October. 4. They are still debating the problem. 5. Mr. Hammond will be voted down. 6. Roy was fined for speeding. 7. Mr. Sanders will change his mind. 8. Nobody will get injured. 9. Mr. Blant was not elected. 10. The plane won't crash.

Ex. 119. Translate into English.

1. Очевидно, міс Грей – гарна акторка. 2. Очевидно, вона буде мати головну роль у новій п'єсі. 3. Очевидно, Максу ще не поставили телефон. 4. Можливо, ви забули паспорт вдома. 5. Не може бути, щоб вони не знали міфу про Ікара. 6. Можливо, Брауни вже переїхали на нову квартиру. 7. Напевне, він вирішив, що цю п'єсу не слід дивитися. 8. Не може бути, щоб Девід не привітав їх. 9. Очевидно, Мері розлучилася з Джоном. 10. Можливо, ми зустрінемо їх у Фоксів.

Ех. 120. Insert the appropriate modal verb.

I. He has insulted our family and he ... suffer for it! 2. You ... not have gone out without an umbrella in such rainy weather. 3. I'm afraid I ... have sounded a bit unfriendly over the phone. 4. "I ... to have told Soames," he thought, "that I think him comic". 5. We ... live to their age, perhaps. 6. Here she ... sit, sewing and knitting, while he worked at the table. 7. Why ... you be different from other people? 8. "Good morning", said the girl, "I believe you... Tony. Have I guessed right?" 9. If you ... read without spectacles, and I believe you ... be so good, as to read this letter for me. 10. Captain Steerforth, ... I speak to you for a moment? 11. Ann felt she ... not stand much more of this discussion. She said she ... go on with her work and began to rise. 12. Why ... one make trouble for oneself when one is old? 13. ... you do me a favour and meet her at the station? 14. He was not old, he ... not have been more than forty. 15. The day we ... to start it rained worse than ever. 16. You ... not hurry. There is plenty of time. 17. Mother has fallen ill, so I ... to change my plans. 18. We didn't know what to do: the key ... not turn and we ... not get into the room. 19. I ... not to have left Cape Town last night. I wish I had not. 20. ... I speak to Mr. Pitt, please? – I'm afraid he's out at the moment .... you ring back later?

Ex. 121. Insert the appropriate modal verb.

We must make decisions all the time! But we ... never be certain whether we are right or wrong. The work you choose to do ... be suitable for you or it ... not. The person you marry ... be perfect match or ... be the worst possible choice. Suppose you have saved money for the future. You … invest it wisely so that it grows in value or you ... lose the bet in a foolish moment. You think you have a healthy diet, but the food you eat... actually be very bad for you and ... be the cause of terrible illness. Perhaps you travel a lot by plane. All the flights you make are routine, but one of them ... be your last. Decisions! Decisions! But we don't learn from experience. Experience is the quality that allows us to go on making the same mistakes with more confidence.

Ex. 122. Choose the most suitable modal verb in brackets.

1. I suppose the young ... (should, must, have to) learn for themselves. 2. It was inevitable that both Role and Noel ... (should, would) see a difference in Peri. 3. Why ... (should, shall) I be angry with the girl I love? 4. "I didn't know you were here", she began. "But I thought you ... (may, might, could) be". 5. I was afraid to go near the room window when I went upstairs lest I ... (should, would, might) see him. 6. Neither this foolish talk nor any other talk ... (shall, will) part us. 7.1 tried to catch the bridle but the horse ... (would, will) not let me come near its head. 8. The fire alarm went and we ... (must, had to) be out of the building in two minutes. 9. The night-coach by which Susan ... (was, had to) go was on the point of departure. 10. And he says you ... (must, might) be in love for you sat on deck all night and scribbled verses all day in your table-book. 11. How (can, dare) you look me in the face and do it, sir? 12. We had enough foreign currency left, so I (couldn't, didn't have to) buy any more 13. You (can, have to) wear a uniform in the army. !4. You (must, have to) keep out of the room. It's private. 15. It isn't cold outside. You (mustn't, needn't) wear a coat.

7.2. INDICATIVE MOOD.