Text 4. Mineral and Fuel Energy Resources

Ukraine is rich in various mineral resources. It completely satisfies its needs in iron, manganese and titanium ores, as well as rock salt, cement, gypsum, mineral paints, heat resistant clays, bromine, graphite, mercury and uranium. Deposits of ammonium, nickel, polymetallic and magnesium ores were discovered and developed industrially. These resources can be exported.

Donbass is a major coal base of Ukraine. Its deposits are estimated at 109 billion tons. Oil and natural gas are concentrated in Dniprovsko-Donetskiy (80%) and Prychornomorsko-Krymskiy oil and gas bearing regions. Ukraine covers 10-15% in its own oil demand and 25% in gas demand. 3 billion tons of peat and shale oil have been discovered.

Iron ores are deposited in Kryvorizkiy (18.7 bln. tons), Kremenchutskiy (4.5 bln. tons), Bilozerskiy (2.5 bln. tons) and Kerchenskiy (1.8 bln. tons) iron ore basins. World’s largest manganese ore deposits are located in Nikopolskiy basin. Iron and manganese ore deposits in the Kryvyi Rih Basin and the Nikopol Basin are considered the richest in the world. Nickel, chromite, titanic, mercury (2^nd in the world), polymetallic ore deposits are estimated as significant. Over 15 deposits of gold have been discovered in recent years. There are 9 fields in the aquatorium of the Azov and Black Seas, including 2 gas condensate fields, 6 gas fields and 1 oil field.

Ukraine has deep-seated traditions in the field of oil and natural gas production and utilization. Oil production began here as far back as in the XVIII century, reaching 2 million tons per year at the beginning of the XX century and exceeding 14 million tons per year in 1974. Commercial gas production in Ukraine dates back to 1924, reaching its peak of 68.7 billion cubic meters in the 70s of the past century.

Ukraine was the first country in the world that initiated natural gas exports. This was in 1945 with natural gas deliveries to Poland. In 1967 Ukrainian gas began to be exported to Czechoslovakia, and later on, to Australia. Oil transit to Czechoslovakia via Ukraine began in 1962.

Presently oil and gas share in the total balance of primary energy consumption in Ukraine accounts for 60%. The priority energy supply is natural gas, making up to 41% - 43% in the energy balance over recent years.

Covering only 24% to 27% of natural gas demand and 10% to 12% of oil demand by domestic production, Ukraine is reckoned among the countries with shortage of home natural hydrocarbon resources.

With gas consumption registered at 118.1 bcm in 1991 Ukraine was the third world’s biggest gas consumer left behind only by the US and Russia. Use of natural gas decreased by more than one third over the last decade totaling 73.9 bcm in 2009.

By now Ukraine has become a major juncture in the transit of gas and oil from Russia and Kazakhstan to European markets. The expected increase in consumption of natural hydrocarbon resources, as well as their uneven distribution makes Ukraine, owing to its suitable geographical location and its developed gas and oil network, an ‘energy bridge’ between the exporting countries and consumers in the industrialized Europe.

The today’s Ukrainian oil and gas sector comprises well-equipped oil and gas transmission and production companies whose activities extend to the Black Sea and Sea of Azov off-shore areas, 6 high-capacity oil refineries, tube works that produce wide range of pipes for the oil and gas sectors, design and research institutes and specialized construction and service companies.

Ukraine is interested in the implementation of mutually beneficial international projects related to ensuring reliable operation of oil and gas transmission systems, joint development of world hydrocarbon resources and strengthening European energy safety.

Exercise 41. Identify: (a) nouns, (b) adjectives, (c) verbal forms, (d) adverbs. Name the word-forming suffixes, if any.

Borderline, historically, development, developed, determined, remarkably, geographical, cross-road, connected, considerable, significance, significant, various, satisfy, polymetallic, industrially, exported, production, consumption, shortage, natural, network, industrialized, well-equipped, transmission, capacity, implementation, mutually, beneficial, reliable, safety, mineral, railroad, discover, estimated, concentrated, cover, resistant, deposited, deep-seated, commercial, strengthening, juncture, distribution, domestic, consumer.

Exercise 42. Write derivatives of the following verbs, consult a dictionary if necessary. Translate the derivative chains.

Develop, determine, produce, implement, transmit, remark, connect, estimate, concentrate, resist, deposit, export, deliver, consume, distribute, occupy, construct, decrease, discover, locate, use.

Exercise 43. Write adjectives related to the following words. Name the suffixes used to form adjectives. Translate the pairs.

Geography, history, remark, resist, consider, signify, industry, benefit, rely, vary, polymetal, convenience, nature, join, act, commerce, suit, base, nation, recover.

Exercise 44. Write verbs related to the following nouns. Translate the pairs.

Significance, development, location, production, utilization, con-

sumption, distribution, transmission, refinery, construction, implemen-tation, operation, delivery, determination, discovery, provision, equip-ment, variety, difference, reliability, specialization, occupation, relation, presence, initiative.

Exercise 45. Translate and remember the words that are used both as verbs and as nouns.

To deposit – deposit, to demand – demand, to increase – increase, to export – export, to share – share, to supply – supply, to account – account, to trade – trade, to balance – balance, to pipeline – pipeline, to exchange – exchange, to position – position, to number – number, to pipe – pipe, to oil – oil, to work – work, to date – date, to base – base.

Exercise 46. Read and translate the following universal words without a dictionary. Mind the difference in their pronunciation and spelling in English and Ukrainian.

Basin, territory, kilometer, cement, commercial, shelf, million, gas, ton, condensate, tradition, utilization, hydrocarbon, industry, company, chernozem, factor, nickel, peak, cubic, geographical, transmission, satisfaction, actual, natural, mineral, concentration, metal.

Exercise 47. Translate and comment upon the following grammar forms.

Occupies, determined, has, are, connected, satisfies, were discovered and developed, was produced, are estimated, have been discovered, are concentrated, are deposited, are located, began, was, to be exported, accounts, has decreased, has set, has become, makes, comprises, extend, is interested, related to.

Exercise 48. Translate the following word combinations into English (a), into Ukrainian (b).

a) географічне положення; торговельні шляхи; торговельний обмін; нафтові та газопроводи; поклад; джерело; природний газ; потреба у нафті; руда; виробництво газу; комерційне виробництво нафти; споживання енергії; внутрішнє виробництво; споживач газу; сировинна нафта; нафтопродукт; транспортування нафти та газу; нерівномірний розподіл; транспортні та виробничі компанії; газотранспортна система; енергетична безпека; нафтоочисний завод;

b) fertile chernozem soil; cross-roads; mineral resources; onshore, off-shore areas; manganese and titanium ores; rock salt; iron; million cubic metre; deep-seated tradition; via Ukraine; oil and gas share; natural hydrocarbon resources; gas and oil network; energy bridge; well-equipped company; high-capacity refinery; tube works; service company; reliable operation; strengthening safety.

Exercise 49. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct form. Translate the sentences.

1. There are 9 fields in the aquatorium of the Azov and Black Seas, (to include) 2 gas condensate fields, 6 gas fields and 1 oilfield.

2. Oil production began in XVIII century, (to reach) 2 million tons per year at the (to begin) of the XX century and (to exceed) 14 million tons per year in 1974. 3. (To cover) only 24% to 27% of natural gas demand and 10% to 12% of oil demand by domestic production, Ukraine (to reckon) among the countries with shortage of home natural hydrocarbon resources. 4. With gas consumption (to register) at 118,1 bcm in 1991 Ukraine was the third world’s biggest consumer. 5. The (to expect) increase in consumption of natural hydrocarbon resources (to make) Ukraine, (to owe) to its suitable geographical location and its (to develop) gas and oil network, an “energy bridge” between the (to export) countries and consumers. 6. The today’s Ukrainian oil and gas sector (to comprise) well-(to equip) oil and gas transmission and production companies. 7. Ukraine (to interest) in the implementation of mutually beneficial international projects (to relate) to (to ensure) reliable operation of oil and gas transmission systems, joint development of world hydrocarbon resources and (to strengthen) European energy safety.

Exercise 50. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct passive form. Translate the sentences.

1. In the near future gas will (to produce) from the biggest gas field Odesskoye in the Black Sea. 2. Donbass coal deposits (to estimate) at 109 million tons. 3. Oil and natural gas (to concentrate) in Dniprov-sko-Donetskiy and Prychornomorsko-Donetskiy oil and gas bearing regions. 4. Iron ores (to deposit) in Kryvorizkiy, Kremenchutskiy, Bilozerskiy and Kerchenskiy iron ore basins. 5. World’s largest manganese ore deposits (to locate) in Nikopolskiy basin. 6. 3 bln. tons peat and shale oil deposits (to discover). 7. In 1967 Ukrainian gas began (to export) to Czechoslovakia.

Exercise 51. Combine the words listed in columns A and B to make all possible word combinations. Translate them.

A	B
gas oil mineral titanium manganese coal polymetallic nickel gas condensate iron gypsum rock salt cement mercury uranium hydrocarbon	resource deposit ore basin demand location production export consumption supply shortage need balance transmission distribution network

Exercise 52. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Україна багата різноманітними копалинами. 2. Україна повністю забезпечує себе залізом, марганцем та титановою рудою, а також кам’яною сіллю, цементом, гіпсом, теплотривкою глиною, бромом, графітом, ртуттю та ураном. 3. Поклади амонію, нікеля, поліметалевих та марганцевих руд були винайдені та розроблені промисловим шляхом. 4. Донбаський регіон є найбільшим вугіль-ним басейном країни. 5. Родовища нафти та природного газу сконцентровані у Дніпровсько-Донецькому та Причорноморсько-Кримському регіонах. 6. Поклади залізної руди знаходяться у Криворізькому, Кременчуцькому, Білозерському та Керченському басейнах. 7. Криворізький та Нікопольський басейни вважаються найбагатшими у світі родовищами залізної та марганцевої руди.

8. В акваторії Чорного та Азовського морів діють 9 родовищ, вклю- чаючи 2 родовища газового конденсату, 6 газових родовищ та 1родовище нафти. 9. Україна має давні традиції у сфері видобу-вання та використання нафти та природного газу. 10. На сьогодні частка нафти і газу в загальному балансі використання первинних енергоресурсів України становить близько 60%. 11. Україна належить до країн, що мають дефіцит власних природних вугле-водних ресурсів. 12. Зростання обсягів споживання природних вуглеводів країнами Західної та Центральної Європи, а також нерівномірність розміщення їх ресурсів роблять Україну важливим транзитним вузлом постачання газу і нафти з Росії та Казахстану на Європейський ринок. 13. Завдяки зручному географічному розташуванню та наявності розвинутої мережі газових і нафто-проводів Україна стала своєрідним «енергетичним мостом» між країнами-експортерами та споживачами промислово розвиненої Європи. 14. В Україні функціонують добре оснащені потужні наф-топереробні заводи, заводи з виготовлення широкого асортименту труб і обладнання для нафтової та газової промисловості, про-ектні та науково-дослідні інститути, спеціалізовані будівельні та сервісні організації.

Exercise 53. Complete the table using the information of text 4.

Mineral resources of Ukraine	Share of deposits, bln.tons	Share of energy consumption in total balance, %

Exercise 54. Complete the statements using the information contained in text 4.

1. Ukraine completely satisfies its needs in … . 2. Ukraine is reckoned among the countries with shortage of … . 3. A major coal base of Ukraine is … . 4. Oil and natural gas are concentrated in … . 5. Iron ores are deposited in … . 6. World’s largest manganese ore deposits are located in … . 7. Mineral resources estimated as significant for Ukraine are … .

Exercise 55. Answer the questions on text 4.

1. What factors determined historically the development of Ukra-inian lands? 2. Why does Ukraine have a considerable potential in terms of international trade exchanges? 3. What mineral resources is Ukraine rich in? 4. What resources can be exported? 5. What is a major coal base of Ukraine? 6. Where is oil and natural gas concentrated? 7. What deposits are considered the richest in the world? 8. Why is the Shelf of the Black and Azov Seas of great strategic importance for Ukraine in terms of energy resources production? 9. What is the share of oil and gas in the total balance of primary energy consumption? 10. What is the priority energy supply for Ukraine? 11. What resources is Ukraine short of? 12. Why is Ukraine considered to be an “energy bridge” between the exporting countries and consumers in the European countries? 13. What are the capacities of the today’s Ukrainian oil and gas sector? 14. Why is Ukraine interested in the implementation of mutually beneficial international projects in energy sector?

Exercise 56. Read, practice and learn the following words and word combinations to text 5.

Gas transmission system – газотранспортна система

domestic – внутрішній (у межах країни)

owe – завдячувати

advantageous – вигідний

extensive – розширений, широкий

gas storage facilities – газосховища, комплекс газосховищ

operation – функціонування, експлуатація

secure – безпечний, надійний

retain – зберігати

competitive strength – конкурентоспроможність

attractiveness – привабливість

gas distribution station – газорозподільна станція

implement – впроваджувати

introduce – впроваджувати

state-of-the-art – сучасний

reliability – надійність

gas turbine engine – газотурбінний двигун

alongside – поряд з, разом з

extend – розширяти(ся), розширювати(ся)

pipeline –1) трубопровід; магістраль; 2) перекачувати по трубах

main – магістраль

draw-off line – відвід, газопровід-відгалуження

compressor shop – компресорний цех

put into – вводити в

diversifying – різноманітити, варіювати

working capacity – активний об’єм, робочий об’єм

withdraw – вилучати

aside from – окрім

core duty – основний обов’язок

adjust – пристосовувати(ся); регулювати

intended (to) – призначати (для), розраховувати (на)

refuel – постачати паливо додатково

emergency stock – аварійний запас

accumulate – накопичувати

assure – гарантувати

Exercise 57. Read, translate and give the gist of text 5.