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Contents

Передмова 3

UNIT 1 5

TOPIC: OUR UNIVERSITY

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: The Noun: Number and Case. The Article

The verbs to be and to have in the Present Indefinite Tense

The Construction there + to be

UNIT 2 25

TOPIC: ECONOMY of UKRAINE

TEXT A, B, C, D

GRAMMAR: The Present Indefinite Tense

The Pronoun: Personal and Possessive

Word Order in the Simple Declarative Sentence

UNIT 3 47

TOPIC: ECONOMY of GREAT BRITAIN

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: Participle I. The Present Continuous Tense

The Construction to be going to

The Functions of the Verb to be

UNIT 4 64

TOPIC: ECONOMY of the UNITED STATES of AMERICA

TEXT A, B

GRAMMAR: Participle II. The Present Perfect Tense

The Functions of the Verb to have

UNIT 5 78

TOPIC: WHAT IS ECONOMICS?

TEXT A, B, C, D

GRAMMAR: The Past Indefinite Tense.

The Functions of the Verb to do

Future Indefinite Tense. The Imperative Mood

UNIT 6 99

TOPIC: FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

TEXT A, B

GRAMMAR: The Past and Future Continuous Tenses

Degrees of Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs

Numerals

UNIT 7 117

TOPIC: ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: The Past Perfect Tense. The Future Perfect Tense

Indefinite Pronouns: some, any, no, none

UNIT 8 136

TOPIC: BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: The Perfect Continuous Tenses

Indefinite Pronouns: much, many, few, little

UNIT 9 155

TOPIC: MARKETS AND MARKET STRUCTURES

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: Modal Verbs and their Equivalents

Indefinite Pronoun: one. Indefinite-Personal Sentences

UNIT 10 178

TOPIC: DEMAND

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: The Passive Voice

Indefinite Pronouns: all, both, either, neither

UNIT 11 199

TOPIC: SUPPLY

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: Sequence of Tenses. Direct and Indirect Speech

Indefinite Pronouns: every, each

UNIT 12 215

TOPIC: MARKET PRICE

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: The Infinitive. Forms and Functions

The Prepositional Infinitive Complex

UNIT 13 233

TOPIC: LABOUR

TEXT A, B, C

GRAMMAR: The Objective Infinitive Complex

The Subjective Infinitive Complex

UNIT 14 251

TOPIC: AGGREGATE SUPPLY AND DEMAND

TEXT A, B

GRAMMAR: The Participle. Forms and Functions

Complexes with the Participle

UNIT 15 269

TOPIC: MONEY AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

TEXT A, B

GRAMMAR: The Gerund. Forms and Functions

The Gerundial Complex

UNIT 16 284

TOPIC: TAXATION

TEXT A, B

GRAMMAR: The Conditional Sentences

Grammar Revision Tables 300

Irregular verbs 343

Glossary 348

Keys to the Exercises 372

Reference list 389

Навчальне видання

Кунатенко Йолана Юліївна

Англійська мова

Навчальний посібник

Редактор укр. тексту І. Соломарський

Художник обкладинки О. Стеценко

Технічний редактор К. Карнаухова

Коректор укр. тексту Н. Путівкіна

Комп’ютерна верстка О. Іваненко

Підписано до друку 23.11.99. Формат 6084/16. Папір офсет. № 1.

Гарнітура Тип Таймс. Друк офсетний. Умовн. друк. арк. 22,79.

Умовн. фарбовідб. 23,25. Обл.-вид. арк. 29,79. Наклад 3000 прим. Зам. № 9-1791

Видавництво КНЕУ 252057, м. Київ, проспект Перемоги, 54/1 тел. (044) 458–00–66; тел./факс (044) 446–64–58

E-mail: publish@kneu.kiev.ua

1 If the period is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that period, the Past Indefinite is used.

* Conditional sentence type 2 (of unreal condition referring to the present or future. The Present Conditional is used in the main clause and the Present Subjunctive II is used in the if-clause. The verb to be has the form were both in the plural and sigular, but the form was is also possible in spoken English.

* Sentences with adverbial clauses of condition.

* Although shoud is generally used for the first person (singular and plural) and would for the other persons, there is a tendency in modern English to use would for all persons.

** The contracted form d+infinitive is used in spoken English.

*