Vocabulary

Exercise 1.

Complete the phrases.

1. to cut a. into particleboards

2. to sort the logs b. profits

3. on the way c. the process

4. upon the arrival d. irregular edges

5. to break the log e. to the mill

6. to trim off f. into the cants

7. to transport the finished lumber g. by species, size

8. to further h. to the market

9. to increase i. to length

10. to process j. at the mill

Exercise 2.

Find the English equivalents to the following Russian.

Пиломатериалы определенных размеров; разрезать по длине; сортировать по породам; удалять кору; необработанные обрезные пиломатериалы; брус; торцевание; шлифовать поверхность; пилорама; полотно дисковой пилы; в день.

Exercise 3.

Match the words in List “A” with the explanations given in List “B”.

A	B
angsaw	to cut the edges with a tool in order to make a straight line and neat appearance
logging	a lorry, a motor-vehicle for carrying goods
a truck	a group of saws in one frame
waste	unwanted after a manufacturing processё
a plank	tiny bits of wood falling off when wood is being sawn
sawdust	a two-handled tool for cutting, having a thin flat blade with a row of V-shaped teeth on the edge
edging	work of cutting down forest trees for timber
piece of wood which	a long rectangular is fairly thin and which has been roughly cut. It is used for sheathing
a sawmill	a factory in which wood is sawn up into planks using a power driven saw

Exercise 4.

Insert the words from list “a” into the sentences given below.

1. The first _____ appeared in Europe in the 16^th century. In England they remained unknown until the late 18^th century. 2. In Northern Europe logs are generally converted by frame saws _____ consisting of a vertically reciprocating frame in which a number of saw blades are mounted. 3. In the past logs were sawn by two men with a _____. 4. _____ is a process of felling trees, sawing them into appropriate length and transporting them to a sawmill. 5. Timber is transported to the sawmills by water, railway or by _____. 6. The introduction of composite wood made it possible to utilize the wood _____ such as shavings, flakes, chips and the like. 7. Logs can be sawed into boards or _____ in either tangential or the radial directions. 8. One of the sawmill operations is _____ that is done by an edger. 9. _____ possessing high absorbent qualities are widely used for livestock bedding and floor covering.

Grammar

Revise the grammar studied and do the following tasks.

Task 1.

Выберите нужное.

1. The present day ecological situation requires the introduction of _____ technologies.

A. waste

B. wasting

C. wasteful

D. wasteless

2. Edger saws cut the boards to standard _____.

A. width

B. wide

C. widen

D. widely

3. The decay _____ of larch timber was the main characteristic that made this timber valuable for ship building.

A. resist

B. resistance

C. resistant

D. resisting

4. Sawdust are _____ used for livestock bedding.

A. wide

B. widen

C. width

D. widely

Task 2.

Выберите нужную степень сравнения.

1. Density of Siberian larch heartwood is 20-25% _____ than density of Scots pine heartwood.

A. more high

B. higher

C. the highest

D. high

2. Canada is one of the _____ suppliers of paper and wood products.

A. largest

B. larger

D. large

D. much larger

Task 3.

При переводе какого предложения следует употребить оборот

« чем … тем…»?

1. The greater the proportion of latewood in the annual rings, the higher the density, mechanical strength and decay resistance.

2. The greater proportion of latewood influences the density and mechanical strength.

3. The greater proportion of larch is used under wet conditions.

4. The greater proportion of larch timber is used for construction out-of-doors.

Task 4.

Выберите соответствующий предлог.

The text of the Unit 10 deals _____ the problems of sawmilling equipment.

A. in

B. out

C. at

D. with

Task 5.

Выберите нужную форму сказуемого.

1. For centuries Italy, Switzerland, Australia and Russia _____ larch for outdoor wood construction.

A. have used

B. has used

C. are used

D. were used

2. The high density of larch latewood _____ by the thick cell walls and high content of lignin.

A. causes

B. has caused

C. is caused

D. have been caused

Task 6.

Определите, чем является форма на «-ed» в данном предложении.

The area planted annually is from 500 to 1000 hectares.

A. определение

B. сказуемое

C. часть сказуемого

D. обстоятельство

Task 7.

Укажите, какие предложения содержат обороты долженствования.

1. Every engineer of woodworking industry should know the main properties and qualities of wood.

2. Every engineer of woodworking industry is able to know the main properties and qualities of wood.

3. Every engineer of woodworking industry is to know the main properties and qualities of wood.

4. The task of every engineer of woodworking industry is to know the main properties and qualities of wood.

Task 8.

Выберите нужный модальный глагол.

You _____ to change the conditions of the growth of trees.

A. should

B. will have

C. must

D. can

Task 9.

Выберите нужную форму причастия.

The properties of larch timber vary _____ on age, growth rate and genetic background of the tree.

A. depending

B. being depended

C. having depended

D. having been depended

Task 10.

Выберите предложение, в котором соблюдено правило согласования времен.

1. The laboratory tests show that red larch heartwood had a significantly higher resistance compared to yellowish or greenish larch heartwood.

2. The laboratory tests showed that red larch heartwood has a significantly higher resistance compared to yellowish or greenish larch heartwood.

3. The laboratory tests showed that red larch heartwood had a significantly higher resistance compared to yellowish or greenish larch heartwood.

4. The laboratory tests showed that red larch heartwood has had a significantly higher resistance compared to yellowish or greenish larch heartwood.

Task 11.

Выберите правильное окончание косвенного вопроса.

“ Where did the Romans and Greeks use timber in prehistoric times?”

The professor asked the student _____

A. where the Romans and Greeks used timber in prehistoric times.

B. where the Romans and Greeks had used timber in prehistoric times.

C. where had the Romans and Greeks used timber in prehistoric times.

D. where the Romans and Greeks use timber in prehistoric times.

Task 12.

Выберите нужную форму сказуемого.

1. If forests, trees and wood disappeared suddenly, life _____ greatly.

A. will change

B. changed

C. would change

D. has changed

2. If our sawn goods _____ such high quality, they wouldn’t be in such a great demand abroad.

A. didn’t have

B. wouldn’t have

C. hadn’t had

D. will not have

3. Had the conditions been unfavourable for wood-destroying fungi, the wood _____ .

A. wouldn’t have decayed

B. wouldn’t decay

C. not decayed

D. had not decayed

Task 13.

Выберите нужную форму герундия.

_____ is a process of removing bark from the logs.

A. Being debarked

B. Having debarked

C. Having been debarked

D. Debarking

Task 14.

Определите функцию инфинитива.

To preserve timber from decay timber constructions have been made from chemically treated Scots pine timber.

A. подлежащее

B. обстоятельство

C. определение

D. часть сказуемого

Task 15.

Укажите предложение, которое является правильным переводом русского.

Считают, что содержание экстрактивных веществ в древесине большинства деревьев влияет на устойчивость к гниению.

1. The extractive content in wood is considered to influence the decay resistance in most tree species.

2. The extractive content in wood influences the decay resistance in most tree species.

3. We know the extractive content to influence the decay resistance in most tree species.

4. The extractive content to influence the decay resistance in most species has low concentration.