Vocabulary

Exercise 1.

Match the English words in the “A” with the Russian equivalents in the “B”.

A B

1. yard 1. штабель, штабелевать

2. shop 2. рама

3. stack 3. пакет, штабель

4. layout 4. цех

5. storage 5. развалиться, обрушиться

6. vehicle 6. планировка

7. frame 7. биржа

8. pile 8. ряд

9. collapse 9. транспортное средство

10. tier 10. хранение

Exercise 2.

Study the definitions of the following words and insert these words into the sentences given below.

a sawmill -	a mill with power-operated saws
a yard -	enclosed or partly enclosed space near or round a building for a special purpose, e.g. a log yard
layout -	arrangement, plan, design of something
a pile -	number of things lying one upon another: a pile of logs
a stack -	circular or rectangular pile of something (e.g. wood) for storage in the open
to stack -	make into a stack or stacks, pile up
damage -	harm or injury that causes the loss of value
a lifting gear -	a set of toothed wheels working together to raise to a higher level or position; a raising or lifting mechanism
a tier -	a row of something, especially one of a number parallel to and rising one above another.

1. The lumber is usually air dried in the _____ of the _____. 2. Drying is a protective measure against _____ from most insects that bore holes in wood. 3. Logs in the _____ dry most rapidly when the temperature is high. 4. The drying rate of lumber is affected by the way the boards are _____. 5. The _____ of the yard must be convenient for transport. 6. Lumber piles are arranged either in _____ of six piles or in lines of two piles. 7. Spaces between the ends of lumber piles should be large enough so that a lifting _____ can operate easily. 8. The air drying _____ is generally located near the _____ that produces lumber or close to the factory that uses wood for manufacturing finished product.

Grammar

Exercise 1.

Find 5 sentences in the text with “The Infinitive” and define its functions.

Exercise 2.

Translate the following sentences into Russian, paying attention to the functions of “The Infinitive”.

1. The best way to preserve timber is to keep it dry. 2. To stack logs means to put them into piles. 3. The main function of sapwood is to conduct water from roots to foliage. 4. Round timber is seasoned to make it stronger, lighter, more resistant to fungus attack. 5. The number, size and position of knots are among the principal features to be taken into consideration when timber is graded on a strength basis. 6. To make wood more resistant to fungal decay it should be dried. 7. The main object of piling is to secure free passage of air to all parts. 8. Tensile strength is necessary for timbers that are to be bent into curved shapes. 9. Conifers are easy to season. 10. It is hard to imagine a world without forests. 11. Substances to be used as preservatives on building timbers must not give off strong persistent odours. 12. To get lasting protection of timber deep penetration of the preservatives must be achieved. 13. The first really effective wood preservative to be used on a large scale was coal-tar creosote. 14. To delimb a tree means to remove the limbs from it. 15. To buck the tree is to cut it into appropriate lengths.

Exercise 3.

Choose the correct form of the Infinitive.

1. _____ logs means to put them into piles.

A. To stack

B. To be stacked

C. To have stacked

D. To be stacking

2. Wood _____ with preservatives must be dried beforehand.

A. to have treated

B. to be treated

C. to be treating

D. to treat

3. If you want _____ the speed of seasoning wood you will have to place timber in a specially constructed kilns.

A. to be increase

B. to have increased

C. to increase

D. to be increasing

4. The commercial use of wood always requires its moisture content _____ to a certain extent.

A. to be reduced

B. to reduce

C. to have reduced

D. to have been reduced

5. If timber is used in damp situation it has _____ with chemicals.

A. to treat

B. to have treated

C. to be treating

D. to be treated

6. Lumber piles have tops _____ protection from rain and snow.

A. to have afforded

B. to have been afforded

C. to afford

D. to be affording

7. Normally sawmill chips are too valuable _____.

A. to be burning

B. to be burnt

C. to have burnt

D. to have been burnt

Exercise 4.

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct infinitive form.

1. The only way (to determine) the age of any tree is by counting the rings. 2. It should be noted that samples (to analyse) must be of equal size, dryness and strength. 3. Wood is dried (to fit) for the purpose. 4. The trees (to cut) are usually marked. 5. Spruce is a good material for boxes (to use) as food containers because the wood has neither taste nor smell. 6. (To prevent) staining of logs in warm weather it is necessary to get them out of the forest very quickly.