Vocabulary

Exercise 1.

Look through the list of words and group them into four categories: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.

generally; utilization; safely; emission; extractive; composition; allergic; biologically; difference; notable; differentiate; degradable; utilize; numerous; utilization; difference, safety.

Exercise 2.

Translate into Russian paying attention to suffixes and prefixes.

Evaluation; increasingly; consumer; approval; overexploitation; harmful; completely; to recycle; unsuitable; harmless; to replace; efficient; joinery; mainly; preservation.

Exercise 3.

Choose the right word paying attention to suffixes and prefixes.

1. The manufacture of timber produces a great amount of _____ and by-products.

1. waste

2. wasteless

3. wasteful

4. wastelessness

2. _____ kiln drying can protect timber from blue-stain.

1. Efficiently

2. Efficient

3. Efficiency

4. Inefficient

3. Wood provides us with a large _____ of products.

1. variety

2. various

3. vary

4. variable

4. Wood is _____ available all over the world.

1. wide

2. widen

3. width

4. widely

5. Wood is biologically _____ material causing no harm to the environment.

1. degrade

2. degradation

3. degradable

4. undegradable

6. New _____ technologies are used nowadays to produce wood products.

1. waste

2. wasteless

3. wasteful

4. wastelessness

7. 3,000 million acres of the world’s forests are being _____exploited.

1. commerce

2. commercial

3. commercially

4. commercialize

8. The sapwood of the redwood is of an _____ creamy colour.

1. attractive

2. attraction

3. attract

4. attractively

9. The conversion of timber into _____ products does not require much energy.

1. useless

2. use

3. useful

4. usefulness

10. Wood shouldn’t be used _____.

1. wastefully

2. wasteful

3. wasteless

4. waste

Exercise 4.

Study the definitions of the following words and insert these words into the sentences given below.

by-product -	something which is made during the manufacture or processing of another product. Some by-products are very useful in industry.
volatile -	a liquid or substance that will quickly change into a gas.
reconstituted -	formed again in a different way.
additive -	a substance which is added in small amounts to something in order to improve it, to make it better or to make it last longer.
blue-stain -	a stain is a mark which is difficult or impossible to remove; blue marks on the wood caused by fungi.
Finish -	1) make complete or perfect polish 2) the state of being finished or perfect; the manner in which something is finished.
biodegradable -	able to break or decompose into harmless products without any special treatment and without causing pollution.

1.The woodwork is beautifully _____ smoothed and polished. 2. _____ in timber is caused by several species of fungi of the mold type. 3. Timber is _____ , it doesn’t damage the environment. 4. Various types of fiberboards and particle boards, composite materials and _____ wood products are manufactured and widely used. 5. Many building materials emit different _____ organic compounds that cause allergy. 6. Lumber production gives large amounts of _____ and wastes used for the production of pulp and paper and different kinds of boards. 7. In joinery and furniture industries problems to the environment are caused by different ______ materials.

Exercise 5.

Choose the right Participle.

1. When (used, using) as fuel wood loses 90% of its value. 2. (Growing, grown) trees contain a large amount of water. 3. High temperatures destroy fungi (existing, existed) in the wood. 4. The removal of moisture from wood when (drying, dried) involves considerable difficulties. 5. (Being, been) available in large quantities this fibrous material was used in the manufacture of pulp. 6. The density of wood (using, used) affects the strength properties of the paper (producing, produced). 7. Wood is dried to the (requiring, required) moisture content in specially constructed kilns. 8. The researchers obtained good results while (studying, studied) the properties of wood. 9. There are hundreds of species of trees (possessing, possessed) different properties. 10. The damage (causing, caused) by insects and fungi can be very great.

Exercise 6.

Choose the right form of the predicate.

1. Some years ago only spruce (is used, was used, have been used) for the pro-

duction of pulp. 2. Recently engineers (have developed, developed, were de-

veloped) new methods of wood treatment. 3. Different species of trees (is grown, has been grown, grow) in our region. 4. Important processes (are taking, takes, has taken) place in the crowns of the trees. 5. Experience of many decades (is shown, has shown, has been shown) the advantages and disadvantages of wood as compared with other materials. 6. Wood (is used, was being used, has used) still as fuel. 7. The new technology of producing lumber recently (was worked out, has worked out, has been worked out).

8. The Finnish plywood industry (uses, has been used, was used) small diameter logs as a prime raw material resource. 9. New methods of processing wood (are being investigated, were investigated, have investigated) now. 10. The boards (are inspected, have been inspected, had been inspected) before they were shipped.