Vocabulary

Exercise 1.

Match the English words in “A” with the Russian equivalents in “B”.

A	B
contain	сушить
dense	усушка, усадка
beam	транспортировка
drying	плотность
season	содержать
shrinkage	отделка
handling	заболонь
kiln	брус
finish	камера
sapwood	сушка

Exercise 2.

Study the definitions of the following words and insert these words into the sentences given below.

decay –	to go bad, lose power, strength
sapwood -	soft, outer layers of wood
heartwood -	the central part of a trunk
pole –	long, slender, rounded piece of wood to support something esp. telegraph wires.
seasoning –	removing moisture
degrade –	to decrease the quality of wood as a result of seasoning or processing
impermeable –	that cannot be permeated (esp. by fluids)
handling –	movement operations (loading, unloading, transporting)
preservative –	substance used for preserving
high-frequency –	radio frequency between 3 and 30 megacycles (million cycles)

1. The pale coloured wood beneath the bark surrounding the darker core is called the _____ as it is through this that the sap travels up the tree while it is growing. 2. The darker coloured central zone of any tree is known as _____ and this normally contains no living cells. 3. High, middle-sized tree provides _____ used for carrying overhead telephone lines and electricity supply cables. 4. Poles are to be debarked and impregnated with a wood _____ before use. 5. The process of removing the moisture from wood by evaporation is called _____. 6. One of the aims of wood drying is to prevent _____ and rot. 7. Next to knots the commonest causes of _____ in timber are defects resulting from faulty seasoning technique. 8. Different kinds of mechanical devices are used for _____ of logs and lumber in the sawmill yard. 9. For drying in _____ field the wood is located in the capacitor of a _____ current generator. 10. The wood of oak is very dense and _____ and it is very difficult to dry it.

Grammar

Exercise 1.

Find 7 sentences with the Infinitive Constructions in the text and differentiate between Complex Object and Complex Subject.

Exercise 2.

Translate the sentences with the Infinitive Constructions into Russian.

1. This plant is expected to manufacture new types of wood-working machines. 2. Forest genetics is known to have a large important role in the creation of healthy ecosystems. 3. The commercial use of wood always requires its moisture content to be reduced to a certain extent. 4. Specialists of wood-working consider knots to be the commonest type defect of timber. 5. In the manufacture of musical instruments the acoustic properties of wood are believed to be of great importance. 6. We know paints to protect wood from moisture, insect and fungus attack. 7. Heat conductivity of wood was found to be relatively low. 8. In most cases the spread of fungi is found to be dependent only on the presence of moisture in wood. 9. Specialists know lumber to absorb water and swell if placed in a humid atmosphere. 10. In humid climate an accelerated kiln-drying is likely to be cheaper than air drying. 11. One time people thought the forests to be inexhaustible and used the wood to fuel railway locomotives. 12. We know waterways to be one of the best means of log transportation.

Exercise 3.

Choose the correct form of the infinitive.

1. Wood is known _____ since prehistoric times.

A. to use

B. to have used

C. to be used

D. to have been used

2. We know wood _____ widely in all spheres of our life.

A. to be used

B. to have used

C. to be using

D. to use

3. Finland is known _____ one half of its national income from wood products.

A. to have got

B. to get

C. to be getting

D. to have been got

4. Specialists found out the removal of the old diseased trees _____ the growth of the remaining trees.

A. to be accelerated

B. to have accelerated

C. to be accelerating

D. to accelerate

5. Downy birch is known _____ more slowly than silver birch.

A. to have grown

B. to be grown

C. to grow

D. to have been grown

6. Markets for non-structural timber such as pallets, packaging and fencing are likely _____ oversupplied in the near future.

A. to become

B. to have become

C. to be becoming

D. to have been become

7. Creosote and hot paraffin have been found _____ hygroscopicity of wood.

A. to be reduced

B. to be reducing

C. to have reduced

D. to reduce

8. In north-western USA forests are expected _____ commodities, revenues for land owners, clean air and water.

A. to have provided

B. to provide

C. to be provided

D. to have been provided