Unit 27

Independent Reading

Ex. 1 Choose some legal newspaper article. Read it and translate into Ukrainian orally.

Ex. 2 Write down the summary of the chosen article and learn it.

Ex. 3 Copy out all the new words from the article with their transcription and translation.

Ex.4 Learn the legal vocabulary from the article.

Unit 28

Topic for Discussion: Crime. Causes of Crime

Grammar: Conditional Sentences

Ex.1 a)Read the following text.

Crime. Causes of crime

Crime is an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by Public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law.

Crime is examined by the science of criminology. Criminologe is a social science dealing with the nature, extent and causes of crime, the characteristics of criminals, problems of apprehending and convicting offenders, operation of prisons and other correctional institutions and prevention of crime.

Criminology has 2 basic objectives: to determine the causes of criminal behavior and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime.

Criminology originated in the late 18^th century and has several research techniques: the collection and interpretation of statistics, case study, the typological method and sociological research.

Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment.

The father of criminology was Cesare Lombroso, a professor of psychiatry and forensic medicine.He related a person’s appearance to his or her inclination to crime.

But nobody knows why crime occurs. Different theories have been trying to explain nature and causes of crime:theological and ethical, biological, climatic, social environment theories, psychological and psychiatric and multiple causation theories.

Since the mid 20^th century the idea that crime can be explained by any single theory has fallen into disfavor among investigators. They say that crime springs out of a multiplicity of conflicting and converging influences – biological, psychological, cultural, economic, political and other.

b) Answer the following questions:

1. What is crime?

2. What science studies crime?

3. What is the aim of criminology?

4. Who created the science dealing with crime?

5. What was Lombroso’s approach to the study of crime?

6. What are the causes of crime?

7. What is the most credible theory of causes of crime? Why?

Ex.2 Retell the text above.

Ex.3. Open the brackets, using the corresponding grammar tense form of the verb.

1. If the weather is nice tomorrow, we (to go) to the zoo.

2. He would answer the phone if he (to be) in the office.

3. If mum (to have) enough berries, she will bake a pie.

4. We (to go) with you if we had enough money.

5. If Rey had had time, he (to write) his parents.

6. I would fix your bike if I (to have) tools.

7. If Ted (to be) at home tomorrow, we are going to visit him.

8. What you (to do) I you won a million?

9. If I (to know) you hadn’t met her before, I (to introduce) you.

10. He (to buy) a new house if he has money?

11. She will be very happy if he (to come) right now.

12. They (to offer) their help if they (to know) you had a problem.

Ex.4 Choose the correct variant of the verb in brackets:

1. If the weather were hot and sunny, Julia (will go/would go/went)to the beach.

2. If he (doesn’t phone/didn’t phone/hadn’t phoned) me, I will phone him myself.

3. We (would take/would be taken/woul have taken) him to the country.

4. If Leo were more careful, he (won’t make/would’t made/wouldn’t make) so many mistakes in his tests.

5. If he (doesn’t phone/ didn’t phone/ hadn’t phoned) me, I will phone him myself.

6. I wouldn’t refuse if they (asked/ask/would ask) to give them a lift.

7. If Brenda had had plenty of time yesterday, she ( would visit/would have visit/ would have visited) us.

Ex. 5 Complete the following sentences:

1. If Henry comes tomorrow, …

2. Paula would not have felt sick if …

3. If I were you…

4. If it were not so late, we…

5. Claire will be very upset if …