Unit 13

Topic for Discussion: English Law

Grammar: Future- in the-Past Tense

Ex.1 Practice reading following words and word-combinations. Learn them.

Statute law статутне право

Common law звичаєве право

Case law прецедент не право

A financial bill фінансовий законопроект

Sovereign монарх

Valid чинний, дійсний

Ex.2 Read the following text and translate it into English:

English law

English law can be divided into Statute Law, Common Law and Case Law.

Statute Law consists of all laws passed by Parliament.

The majority of laws are proposed and drafted by the government in power. Any member of the House of Commons or House of Lords can also propose a law. But only a member of the House of Commons may introduce a financial Bill.

The Bills become Acts of Parliament or statues if they are passed by the elected House of Commons, approved (in most cases) by the House of Lords, and confirmed by the Sovereign.

Common Law consists of principles and rules of conduct based on the ancient customs of the country and recognized by the Courts as Law. Common Law is unwritten. It means that these rules were not enacted by Parliament.

Just as many ancient customs make up the Common Law, the collected decisions of the Courts form English “Case Law”. Once Parliament has passed a law, the courts must interpret it, that is explain what the words of that law mean.

The interpretation of the Courts is valid until the higher Court decides that this interpretation is wrong, or Parliament passes another law and changes it.

Sometimes the interpretation of the Court differs from the interpretation of the government. In this case the government must accept the decision of the Court.

Ex.3 Complete the following sentences according to the text:

1. English law can be divided…

2. The majority of laws are proposed…

3. …..may introduce a financial Bill.

4. Sometimes the interpretation of the Court differs….

5. The collected decisions of the Courts…

6. Statute Law consists of…

7. The interpretation of the Courts is valid until…

8. Common Law consists…

Ex.4 Say either the following statements correct or not (Скажіть чи вірні наступні твердженя):

1. Common Law is based on common customs.

2. Ancient customs are called statutes.

3. The collected decisions of the Courts form English “Case Law”.

4. State Law consists of all laws passed by Parliament.

5. All the laws are proposed by the government.

6. A financial bill may be introduced by any member of Parliament.

7. To become acts of Parliament bills must be confirmed by the Sovereign.

Ex. 5 Put the words in the correct order to make up questions and answer them:

1. law, is, into, English,what, devided?

2. does, consist, Statute, of, what, law?

3. law, a, can, propose, who?

4. bills, introduces, financial, who?

5. acts, do, of, become, bills, how, Parliament?

6. Common, is, what, law?

7. formed, Case, is, English, how?

Ex.6 Speak on the topic “English Law”

Ex.7 Transform the following sentences into Past as in the example:

Example: I know he will come in time. – I knew he would come in time.

1. I know he will come in time.

2. We are sure they will recognize us.

3. She thinks he will get up early.

4. I hope he will help us.

5. Do you think they will agree with us?

6. I am sure she will not refuse to go to the theatre.

7. Is he afraid he will be ill?

8. Why do you suppose they will win the game?

9. Do they promise they will send us a letter?

10. Tom feels he will be late.

11. I can’t understand why they will stay here.

12. I hope I will have finished working by the evening.

Ex.8 Open the brackets using the verb in the correct form of Future or Future-in-the Past Tense:

1. He says he (to phone) me in 2 days.

2. He said he (to phone) me in 2 days.

3. She says she (to arrive) at six.

4. She said she (to arrive) at six.

5. I think they (to work) from 2 till 7 on Friday.

6. I thought they (to work) from 2 till 7 on Friday

7. He is sure he (to finish) translating by the evening.

8. He was sure he (to finish) translating by the evening.

9. We suppose Beth (to play) the piano at six.

10. They were sure he (to arrive) by 10 o’clock.

11. She understood he never (to forget) her.

12. I heard Nick (to return) by Sunday.

13. We knew he (to bring) good music.

14. I am sure he (to help) to get the party ready.

15. She supposed she (not to wait) him after work.

16. We were sure our child (to sleep) at 10 o’clock.

Ex. 9 Translate into English.

1. Ми зрозуміли, що вирок буде суворий.

2. Я був абсолютно впевнений, що він ніколи не відмовиться від такої чудової пропозиції.

3. Вона боїться,що її син не вступить до університету.

4. Я знала, що всім сподобається рішення суду.

5. Я сподіваюсь, що винного буде покарано.

6. Лікар не думає, що ці ліки допоможуть вам.

7. Ви впевнені, що збитки будуть відшкодовані?

8. Він думав, що підпише всі документи до одинадцятої.

9. Хто з вас впевнений, що збори розпочнуться вчасно?