To have to

1. The attention of the railway authorities of all countries has to be focused on the development of high-speed passenger and freight service.

2. As the computer is still under guarantee, I will not have to pay for the repairs.

3. While building the railway in Siberia, the workers had to overcome (преодолеть) many difficulties.

4. Passengers traveling from Moscow to Vladivostok have to move the hands of their watches several times because the Trans-Siberian Mainline crosses several time zones.

5. Dining cars first appeared in the late 1870s. Until this time, the trains had to stop for meals at restaurants along the way.

6. There’s a direct train to Leeds. It may stop at other stations but you do not have to change trains.

7. As there were some defects in the train power supply system, the train had to be removed from service.

8. Switches are necessary where a train has to be moved from one track to another.

9. I will have to pay 50 rubles extra for my luggage because it is overweight.

10. In Japan, passengers have to go through a gate (пропускной пункт) to enter the platform area. Passengers have to show their tickets to a station clerk at the gate and they will also have to show their tickets at a ticket gate after they deboard a train and exit the platform area.

to be to

1. This section of the track is to be reconstructed.

2. We were to leave for England on Saturday, but because of the delay with our visas we had to book tickets for Monday.

3. All the materials used for the railway car refurbishment are to comply with (соответствовать) fire safety standards.

4. In England, the speed of the first cars was not to exceed 4 mph.

5. Modern railways are to be completely automated to provide high-speed transportation.

6. At the Metro terminus (конечная станция), the driver is to move to the other end of the trainset.

To be able to

1. If the train comes in time, I will be able to watch the football match.

2. The first passenger trains didn’t travel very far, but they were able to transport more passengers over longer distances than any horse-powered wagons.

3. At the large terminal, passengers are able to book hotel or transport, to buy tickets for sporting and cultural events, to telephone or send mail to anywhere in the world, to hold a business meeting, to obtain information of interest and so on.

4. The new British train will be able to develop a very high speed, as it is equipped with more powerful engines.

5. For more than a hundred years, railways were able to maintain their dominant position in the field of transportation.

To be allowed to

1. If the signal is red, the train isn’t allowed to continue its running.

2. At this small station, passengers will not be allowed to get off the car because the train will stop for 2 minutes only.

3. You are allowed to carry 20kgs of baggage unless indicated otherwise on your ticket.

4. According to the customs (таможня) regulations, a passenger wasn’t allowed to carry more than ten packs of cigarettes.

5. In some companies, the staff is not allowed to use the Internet for personal purposes during business hours.

Ex. 15. Read the sentences, replacing the modal verbs with their equivalents.

1. Passengers must show their tickets when they go on the train.

2. You may take any of these instruments; I do not need them now.

3. The car, which you could see at the exhibition, will be used on international railway lines.

4. This railway line must be converted from diesel to electric traction next year.

5. Passengers may have up to three pieces of hand luggage.

6. Thanks to wide sliding doors in Metro cars, passengers can get on and off the train quickly.

7. As trains are becoming heavier and longer, more powerful locos must be used.

8. We could not repair the car ourselves and had to take it to the auto-service station.

9. On weekdays, cars may not enter the centre of the city.

10. If you buy train tickets in advance (заранее), you must pay some extra money.

11. Steam locomotives could not haul very heavy trains at a high speed.

12. Such freight as dry chemicals, grain, sugar or mineral fertilizers (удобрения) must be transported in covered hoppers.

Ex. 16. Read the sentences, replacing the Russian words with their English equivalents.

1. To get to New Orleans, we придётся change trains in Birmingham.

2. I hope they смогли buy tickets for the last train.

3. German Rail пришлось stop passenger services on about 30 secondary lines in East Germany because of poor state of the infrastructure.

4. Any engineer может give you information on this question.

5. Larry приходится travel back and forth between London and Paris every week.

6. The train должен reach its destination in an hour.

7. To get to Moscow from St.Petersburg, passengers могут choose either the day- or night-time train.

8. I think that I смогу meet you at the station.

9. You придётся hurry up if you want to catch the train.

10. Mr. Crank не смог participate in the conference because he должен был go on business to Moscow.

11. At last, the passengers разрешили get on the carriage.

12. To lay down the track in the permafrost zone, workers пришлось use new equipment.

13. We можем book train tickets by phone or over the Internet.

14. People in large cities приходится spend a lot of money for paying the fares in public transport.

15. If I не смогу get the tickets for the fast train, we придётся go by the stopper.

16. The new passenger car должен begin its service in several months.

Ex. 17. Choose the best alternative to complete the sentences.

1. The conductor ___ check up tickets of all the passengers before the train departure.

a) will be allowed b) can to c) is to d) have to

2. It is a non-smoking carriage. You _____ smoke here.

a) must not b) should c) will be able to d) are allowed to

3. You ___ change trains in Moscow because there is no direct train to Minsk.

a) shouldn’t b) could c) will have to d) is be able to

4. Until the 19^th century, people ___ travel freely between most countries without a passport.

a) are allowed to b) were to c) should d) were able to

5. The train ___ arrive at 5 p.m. but it detained because of track repair work.

a) should b) had not to c) was able to d) was to

6. The train ___ depart from the station, as the line was busy.

a) couldn’t b) isn't allowed to c) wasn’t to d) weren't able to

7. They ___ leave yesterday because there were no tickets available for today’s train.

a) were able to b) had to c) could d) was allowed to

8. Airline passengers ___ use mobile telephones during the flight.

a) are able to b) aren’t allowed to c) were to d) shouldn't

9. Passengers ___ keep their tickets till the end of the trip.

a) had to b) should c) are able to d) were to

10. Next year, the railway ___ increase the train fares because of inflation.

a) should b) won’t be able to c) can d) will have to

11. The suitcase was so heavy that Robert ___ change it from hand to hand all the time.

a) were to b) will be allowed to c) had to d) was able to

12. You ___ leave your luggage in the left-luggage office.

a) has to b) are able to c) should to d) was allowed to

Ex. 18. Complete the sentences with an equivalent of the modal verb from the list.

A
You ___ change trains because there is no direct train to Boston. Passengers ___ buy train tickets on the day of departure or reserve them in advance. The London Underground ___ pump 30,000 cubic meters of water out of its tunnels each day. To stop the car, the driver ___ use the hand brake. No British high-speed trains ___ run in service above 200 km/h. Locomotives and cars for the first Russian railway ___ be ordered from abroad. On this dangerous section of the line, the trains ___ move at the speed of 60 kmh. As the train stopped for 30 minutes, the passengers ___ get off.	had to are allowed to is to will have to are to were allowed to were to are able to
B
You ___ transfer to another line at the next Metro station. To keep a railway track in good condition, ballast ___ be regularly cleaned. As a rule, passengers ___ enter a baggage car while a train is in motion. Many railways ___ start dieselization (введение тепловозной тяги) only after World War II. To finish the journey on time, the driver ___ increase the train speed. Tomorrow, I ___ get up early to catch the 6.00 train. Several passengers missed (опаздывать) the train and ___ wait another for two hours. He ___ repair the engine himself.	will have to was able to aren’t allowed to is to are able to was to were be able to had to