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IX. Complete the sentences using your own words:

  1. The aim of commercial banks is …

  2. The way in which ban is organized and operated is determined …

  3. Many banks offer a combination of …

  4. The wholesale banking provides …

  5. The retail banking provides …

  6. Both types of banking have three essential functions which are …

  7. These three functions are the basis …

  8. They make it possible for banks to …

  9. Every bank may want to offer …

  10. Banks are classified according to …

X. Complete the text using these words:

accounts

bank loan

cheque

customers’

current account

debt

depositors

deposits

lend

liabilities

liquidity

optimize

overdraft

salary

spread

standing orders

returns

transfer

wages

withdraw

Commercial banks are businesses that trade in money. They receive and hold (1)..., pay money according to (2) ... instructions, (3) ... money, etc.

There are still many people in Britain who do not have bank (4) ... . Traditionally, factory workers were paid (5) ... in cash on Fridays. Non-manual workers, however, usually receive a monthly (6) ... in the form of a cheque or a (7) ... paid directly into their bank account.

A (8) ... (US: checking account) usually pays little or no interest, but allows the holder to (9) ... his or her cash with no restrictions. Deposit accounts (in the US also called time or notice accounts) pay interest. They do not usually provide (10) ... (US: check) facilities, and notice is often required to withdraw money. (11) ... and direct debits are ways of paying regular bills at regular intervals.

Banks offer both loans and overdrafts. A (12) ... is a fixed sum of money, lent for a fixed period, on which interest is paid; banks usually require some form of security or guarantee before lending. An (13) ... is an arrangement by which a customer can overdraw an account, i.e. run up a debt to an agreed limit; interest on the (14) ... is calculated daily.

Banks make a profit from the (15) ... or differential between the interest rates they pay on deposits and those they charge on loans. They are also able to lend more money than they receive in deposits because (16) ... rarely withdraw all their money at the same time. In order to (17) ... the return on their assets (loans), bankers have to find a balance between yield and risk, and (18) ... and different maturities, and to match these with their (19) ... (deposits). The maturity of a loan is how long it will last; the yield of a loan is its annual (20) ... – how much money it pays – expressed as a percentage.

XI. Read the text and the dialogue following it. Find answers to the questions given below. Reproduce the dialogue with your partner. The structure of a Bank

The English commercial banks have branches in all the major towns and a similar structure and mode of working is common to them all. The owners are the shareholders. At the outset they provide the necessary capital. They are all organised on the joint stock principle and are registered pub­lic companies.

The Chairman and Board of Directors are elected by the ordinary shareholders at the Annual General Meeting and are responsible for the efficient management of the bank. The Board is concerned with the overall policy of the bank and the major decisions which put that policy into effect.

The Board will appoint a Managing Director who is directly responsible to them and a member of the Board. They will also appoint the most senior executives who in turn appoint the rest of the clerical staff who will be responsible in differ­ent capacities for the day to day running of the bank.

At the end of each business year the Directors recommend and the Annual General Meeting decides how much of the profit should be distributed to the shareholders as dividend, and how much should be retained in the business. In preparation for the Annual General Meeting, a bank publishes its Report and Accounts. These must be sent to every share­holder and are also available for anyone with an interest in the affairs of the bank. From the published accounts shareholders can easily determine the total profits the bank has earned and how much is available for distribution.