Работа над текстом

Упражнение 1. Прочтите текст А, пользуясь словарем. 

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. 

    1. What kind of organization is a college of advocates?

    2. What is the highest body of advocates’ self-management?

    3. Who is the presidium of each college headed by?

4. What organizations represent colleges of advocates in the cities, republics, regions and autonomous entities?

    5. What does the work of advocate involve?

    6   Who are in-house counsels employed by?

    7.  What does the work of in-house counsel involve?

    8.  What are the duties of a notary?

    9.  What are the duties of a prosecutor?

    10. What are the responsibilities of a judge?

    11. What else do legal careers include?

    12. What is the most prominent research centre in law in Russia? 

Упражнение 3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты  для следующих словосочетаний. 

     коллегия  адвокатов, частная практика, независимая  общественная организация, исполнительный комитет, председатель, юридическая  консультация, предоставлять юридическую  помощь, составлять юридические документы, давать рекомендации, представлять истца (ответчика) в суде, обеспечивать защиту, гражданский судебный спор, давать заключение (экспертную оценку), удостоверять подлинность документа, заверить подписанный документ, начинать уголовное дело, вести уголовное дело (проводить уголовное преследование), предъявлять доказательства, председательствовать в суде, отправлять правосудие, принимать решение по спору, давать инструкцию присяжным, выносить решение по делу. 

Упражнение 4. Образуйте существительные от следующих глаголов. 

     - to employ –

     - to involve –

     - to represent –

     - to certify –

     - to initiate –

     - to administer –

     - to decide – 

Упражнение 5. Какие из следующих предложений  соответствуют/не соответствуют содержанию текста? Обоснуйте свой ответ. 

     1. Lawyers can’t have private practice in Russia.

2. The presidium is elected by the general meeting for the term of thirty years.

3. Any college of advocates in its territory is represented by law firms or legal aid offices.

     4. Advocates represent a single client.

     5. Advocates represent  plaintiffs or defendants in civil litigation.

     6. An in-house counsel witnesses wills.

     7. A prosecutor initiates a criminal case and conducts criminal proceedings.

     8. A judge never instructs the jury or gives the judgment.

     9. Legal careers also include teaching law and research work.

     10. An in-house counsel can provide expertise in many legal issues. 

Упражнение  6. Закончите следующие предложения. 

1. A college of advocates is …

2. Advocates are lawyers who …

3. In-house counsels are lawyers who…

4. A notary is an officer who…

5. The duties of a prosecutor are…

6. The responsibilities of a judge are…

7. Legal careers in Russia also include…

Text B

LAW AS A SYSTEM

      Civil law is contrasted against common law. Civil law is the law inspired by old Roman law. It developed out of the Roman law of Justinian’s Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law), the main feature of which is that laws were written into a collection, codified; and not determined, as is common law by judges. The principle of civil law is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow.

      Common law is a judge-made law developed by custom (historical legal precedents) over hundreds of years. Because it is not written by elected politicians but, rather, by judges, it is also referred as “unwritten” law. Judges seek these principles out when they try a case and apply the precedents to the facts to come up with a judgment.

      Common law countries are the United Kingdom, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In the UK there is no constitution but there are Acts of Parliament. In the USA there is the Constitution of the USA. But precedent, or case is the main source of law. 

Упражнение 7. Прочтите текст В, пользуясь словарем.   

Упражнение 8. Выделите в тексте ключевые слова  и словосочетания.

Упражнение 9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы. 

1. What was civil law inspired by?

2. What is the main feature of a civil law?

3. What was common law inspired by?

4. What is the main feature of common law?

5. What countries are common law countries?

6. Is Russia a common law country?  

Упражнение 10. Закончите следующие предложения. 

1. Civil law is contrasted ….

2. Civil law was inspired….

3. Civil law developed out of the….

4. The main feature of civil law is….

5. Civil law provided all citizens with….

6. Common law is a law developed by….

7. Common law is referred as….

8. In order to come up with the judgment when trying a case judges….

9. Common law countries are….

10. In the UK there is no….

11. In the USA there is the Constitution of the USA but ….