Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Выберите правильный вариант.

Начало формы

1. I wish it ……… (wouldn’t rain, didn’t rain, hadn’t rained) tomorrow so hard.

2. He wished he ……… (could have stopped, could stop) smoking.

3. Janet wished she ……… (paid, would pay, had paid) more attention to her mother when she was alive.

4. We wished we ……….. (knew, had known, would know) about the accident then.

5. I wish you …… (loved, would love, had loved) poetry as much as I do.

6. She wished she ……. (met, had met) him at the meeting.

7. At times he poor student wished he …… (took, would take, had taken up) another topic for his graduate work.

8. The kind girl wished there ……… (had been, would be, were) no homeless people in the world.

9. The sleepy boy wished he ……… (hadn’t played, didn’t play, wouldn’t play) computer games all night long.

10. I wish I …….. (visited, would visit, had visited) Scotland next summer.

Упражнение 2. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя конструкцию I wish … .

Model: I don't know many people (and I'm lonely).

I wish I knew more people.

1. I can't give up smoking (but I'd like to).  I wish I …………………. .

2. I don't have any cigarettes (and I need one).  I wish ……………. .

3. George isn't here (and I need him).  I wish George ……………….. .

4. It's cold (and I hate cold weather).  I wish ……………………………. .

5. I live in New York City (and I hate New York City).  I ……………… .

6. Tina can't come to the party (she's your best friend).  I …………….. .

7. I hate to work tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed). I ………………. .

8. I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). I ……….. .

9. I'm not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and that's a shame). I …………….. .

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите задание. Выполните упражнение.

There are three distinct types of I wish / if only sentences:

1 - REGRETS with the PAST PERFECT (the third conditional) e.g. I wish I hadn't got so angry.

2 - WANTING CHANGE FOR THE PRESENT OR FUTURE with the PAST SIMPLE e.g. I wish I had enough money to go to Mozambique this summer.

3 - COMPLAINTS with WOULD + INFINITIVE e.g. I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time.

Regrets

1. I wish I ___________________ drunk and kissed Samantha. (get NEGATIVE)

2. I wish it ___________________ so much. The garden's turned to mud. (rain NEGATIVE)

Wanting change

1. If only I ___________________ more time for my hobbies. (have)

2. I wish it ___________________ more often in Valencia. (rain)

3. If only I ___________________ there, I wouldn't have got a fine. (park NEGATIVE)

Complaints

1. I wish you ___________________ so much. You're a complete idiot when you're drunk. (drink NEGATIVE)

2. I wish it ___________________ more often in Valencia. (rain)

3. I wish Samantha ___________________ her hair more often. It looks so greasy all the time. (wash)

Mixed

1. I wish you ___________________ so horrible to your brother. He's a really nice bloke. (be NEGATIVE)

2. I wish the council ___________________ that beautiful old house. It was part of the town's heritage. (demolish NEGATIVE)

3. If only I ___________________ the money to go to Jon's wedding in The States. (have)

4. I wish I ___________________ her she'd put on weight. She hates me now. (tell NEGATIVE)

5. I wish you ___________________ to your mother like that. (speak NEGATIVE)

6. If only we ___________________ a Hewlett Packard printer. The cartridges are so expensive. (buy NEGATIVE)

Упражнение 4. Выберите правильный вариант. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. I don't have anything to smoke.

a. I wish I knew more people.

b. I wish I had more time.

c. I wish I had a cigarette.

d. I wish I knew something about cars.

e. I wish I understood it better.

2. Simon has gone on holiday and I really need to speak to him.

a. I wish I was twenty again.

b. I wish I was better-looking.

c. I wish they were smaller.

d. I wish he was here.

e. I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on holiday.

3. Girls don't like me because I'm ugly!

a. I wish I was twenty again.

b. I wish I was better-looking.

c. I wish I had a more powerful one.

d. I wish I had an interesting one.

e. I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on holiday.

4. I don't have much time.

a. I wish I knew more people.

b. I wish I had more time.

c. I wish I wasn't working.

d. I wish I knew something about cars.

e. I wish I understood it better.

5. My computer is old and slow.

a. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love

b. I wish I earned more money.

c. I wish I had a more powerful one.

d. I wish I lived in a hotter country.

e. I wish I finished earlier.

6. It's really cold here. The climate is awful.

a. I wish I knew more people.

b. I wish I had more time.

c. I wish I had a cigarette.

d. I wish I lived in a hotter country.

e. I wish I understood it better.

7. I'm lonely.

a. I wish I knew more people.

b. I wish I were a better cook.

c. I wish I wasn't working.

d. I wish I knew something about cars.

e. I wish I understood it better.

8. Mark and Sally are going to India but it's not possible for me to go with them.

a. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love.

b. I wish I had more food.

c. I wish I had a cigarette.

d. I wish I lived in a smaller country.

e. I wish I finished earlier.

9. I feel really old.

a. I wish I was twenty again.

b. I wish I earned more money.

c. I wish I had a more powerful one.

d. I wish I had an interesting one.

e. I wish I could as I love visiting Spain on holiday.

10. My job is really boring.

a. I wish it were possible as it is a country I love.

b. I wish I saved more money.

c. I wish I had a more powerful one.

d. I wish I had an interesting one.

e. I wish I finished earlier.

Упражнение 5. Дополните предложения, открывая скобки:

1. I didn’t learn to play any instrument when I was at school. I wish I (learn ) to play the guitar. 2. I’m over six feet. I wish I (grow) so tall. 3. He is such a bad driver. I wish he (be) given a driving licence. 4. I can’t cook. I wish I (can) prepare a family dinner for twelve people. 5. We get invited to parties all the time. We wish we (be) so popular. 6. I decided to study law. I wish I (become) a solicitor. 7. This car is fantastic. I wish I (have) a similar one. 8. This walkman was very cheap and it broke down at once. I wish I (buy) it.

Упражнение 6. Перефразируйте предложения по образцу, используя структуру I wish...:

Model: I'm sorry I haven't got a washing machine. – I wish I had a washing machine.

1. I'm sorry I don't live near my work. 2. I'm sorry our garden doesn't get any sun. 3. I'm sorry I called him a liar. 4. I'm sorry I don't know Finnish. 5. I'm sorry I didn't book a seat. 6. I'm sorry I haven't got a car. 7. I'm sorry I can't drive. 8. I'd like Tom to drive more slowly (but I haven't any great hopes of this). 9. I'd like you to keep quiet. (You're making so much noise that I can't think.) 10. I'm sorry that theatre tickets cost so much. 11. It's a pity that shops here shut on Saturday afternoon.  12. It's a pity he didn't work harder during the term. 13. It's a pity you are going tonight. 14. It's a pity I haven't got a work permit. 15. I would like it to stop raining (but I'm not very hopeful). 16. I'd like you to wait for me (even though you are ready to start now). 17. I'm sorry I didn’t bring a map. 18. I'm sorry I left my last job. 19. I'm sorry I didn’t stay in my last job. 20. I'd like him to cut his hair (but I don't suppose he will). 21. I'd like him to stop smoking in bed (but I haven't any great hopes). 22. I'm sorry he goes to bed so late.  23. I'm sorry I didn’t know you were coming. 24. I'm sorry you told Jack. 25. I'm sorry I didn’t ask the fishmonger to open these oysters.  26. I'm sorry you aren’t coming with us. 27. I'm sorry you aren’t going to a job where you could use your English. 28. It's a pity you didn’t ask him how to get there.

Glossary

sex crimes rape sexual аbuse prostitution drug crimes possession cultivation manufacturing sale/distribution trafficking prescription export/import of illegal drugs transportation driving under the drug influence violent crimes murder manslaughter assault domestic violence white collar crimes fraud embezzlement tax evasion bankruptcy fraud credit cad fraud theft crimes grand theft auto motor vehicle theft burglary robbery federal crimes bank fraud wire fraud mail fraud kidnapping larceny

преступления на сексуальной почве изнасилование сексуальное насилие проституция преступления, связанные с наркотиками хранение культивация/выращивание производство продажа/распространение наркотрафик выдача рецепта на наркотические вещества экспорт/импорт наркотиков транспортировка вождение под действием наркотиков преступление против личности тяжкое убийство убийство по неосторожности оскорбление, угроза насилием бытовое преступление преступность в среде работников умственного труда мошенничество, афера присвоение имущества, растрата уклонение от налогов ложное банкротство мошенничество с кредитными картами похищение имущества кража автомобилей угон автомобиля насильственное вторжение ограбление федеральные преступления банковское мошенничество мошенничество в сфере информационных технологий почтовое мошенничество похищение людей хищение имущества

UNIT 11.

Лексическая тема: «Treatment of Criminals. Capital punishment».

Грамматическая тема: Способы выражения нереальности в английском языке. Употребление форм сослагательного наклонения в придаточных предложениях цели с союзом so that, в придаточных предложениях сравнения с союзами as if, as though.

Text

TREATMENT OF CRIMINALS

Подберите к каждому разделу текста заголовок из списка, приведенного ниже:

• Rehabilitative programs

• Psychiatric and case-study methods

• Bentham approach

• Neoclassical school

• Preventive approach

(1) Various correctional approaches developed in the wake of causation theories. The old theological and moralistic theories encouraged punishment as retribution by society for evil. This attitude, indeed, still exists. The 19th-century British jurist and philosopher Jeremy Bentham tried to make the punishment more precisely fit the crime. Bentham believed that pleasure could be measured against pain in all areas of human choice and conduct and that human happiness could be attained through such hedonic calculus. He argued that criminals would be deterred from crime if they knew, specifically, the suffering they would experience if caught. Bentham therefore urged definite, inflexible penalties for each class of crime; the pain of the penalty would outweigh only slightly the pleasure of success in crime; it would exceed it sufficiently to act as a deterrent, but not so much as to amount to wanton cruelty. This so-called calculus of pleasures and pains was based on psychological postulates no longer accepted.

(2) The Bentham approach was in part superseded in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by a movement known as the neoclassical school. This school, rejecting fixed punishments, proposed that sentences vary with the particular circumstances of a crime, such as the age, intellectual level, and emotional state of the offender; the motives and other conditions that may have incited to crime; and the offender's past record and chances of rehabilitation. The influence of the neoclassical school led to the development of such concepts as grades of crime and punishment, indeterminate sentences, and the limited responsibility of young or mentally deficient offenders.

(3) At about the same time, the so-called Italian school stressed measures for preventing crime rather than punishing it. Members of this school argued that individuals are shaped by forces beyond their control and therefore cannot be held fully responsible for their crimes. They urged birth control, censorship of pornographic literature, and other actions designed to mitigate the influences contributing to crime. The Italian school has had a lasting influence on the thinking of present-day criminologists.

(4) The modern approach to the treatment of criminals owes most to psychiatric and case-study methods. Much continues to be learned from offenders who have been placed on probation or parole and whose behavior, both in and out of prison, has been studied intensively. The contemporary scientific attitude is that criminals are individual personalities and that their rehabilitation can be brought about only through individual treatment. Increased juvenile crime has aroused public concern and has stimulated study of the emotional disturbances that foster delinquency. This growing understanding of delinquency has contributed to the understanding of criminals of all ages.

(5) During recent years, crime has been under attack from many directions. The treatment and rehabilitation of criminals has improved in many areas. The emotional problems of convicts have been studied and efforts have been made to help such offenders. Much, however, remains to be done. Parole boards have engaged persons trained in psychology and social work to help convicts on parole or probation adjust to society. Various states have agencies with programs of reform and rehabilitation for both adult and juvenile offenders.

Many communities have initiated concerted attacks on the conditions that breed crime. Criminologists recognize that both adult and juvenile crime stem chiefly from the breakdown of traditional social norms and controls, resulting from industrialization, urbanization, increasing physical and social mobility, and the effects of economic crises and wars. Most criminologists believe that effective crime prevention requires community agencies and programs to provide the guidance and control performed, ideally and traditionally, by the family and by the force of social custom. Although the crime rate has not drastically diminished as a result of these efforts, it is hoped that the extension and improvement of all valid approaches to prevention of crime eventually will reduce its incidence.