Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Выберите правильный вариант.

Начало формы

1. She looks so scared as if she …..(just saw, had just seen, would see) a ghost.

2. You sound as though you ….. (didn’t understand, hadn’t understood, wouldn’t understand) what you are speaking about.

3. But for the rain our trip …. (would be, would have been) more successful.

4. My friends …… (wouldn’t be, wouldn’t have been) jealous but for my new girlfriend.

5. You look so tired as if you …. (walked, had walked) 10 miles without a stop.

6. I felt as if he ….. (were reading, had read, read) my thoughts.

7. The man spread his arms as if he ….. (wanted, had wanted) to fly.

8. We ….. (could have joined, could join) you tomorrow but our plans.

9. She spoke to me as if we ….. (had known, knew) each other for a long time.

10. The project ….. (would be finished, would have been finished) long ago but for some unforeseen circumstances.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский.

1. Он пошел на лекцию рано, так что он занял хорошее место.

2. Снег бил нам в лицо, так что мы едва могли видеть

3. Она сидела позади меня, так что я не мог видеть выражение ее лица

4. Он был так смущен, что с трудом понимал ее.

5. Было так жарко, что никто не хотел ничего делать

6. Мяч был таким большим, что ребенок не мог удержать его.

7. Погода была такая плохая, что самолет не мог вылететь.

Упражнение 3. Переведите предложения с английского языка на русский.

1. She spoke as though nothing had happened.

2. You answer as if you did not know this rule.

3. He spoke as if (as though) he knew this question very well.

4. They walked slowly up the stairs as if (as though) they were carrying something heavy.

5. He loved him as if he were (was) his son.

6. He looked in the direction of the entrance door as if he were (was) waiting for somebody.

7. She spoke as though nothing had happened.

8. He described the town as if (as though) he had seen it himself.

Упражнение 4. Выберите верный вариант.

1. The dog looks as if it _____ hungry. were had been

2. Sara cried as if something terrible _____. happened had happened

3. It seems as if he _____ to say something rude. is going were going

4. Everybody treats me as if I _____ a catching disease. am having had have

5. They are talking as if they _____. had never quarreled never quarreled

6. She told me what to do as if she _____ everything. knew had known

7. The boy smiled as if he _____ something funny. remembered had remembered

8. I wish you _____ here. Its rather difficult to breathe. not smoked didn’t smoke hadn't smoked

9. I wish I _____ speak better Spanish. would can shall be able could

10. We wish it _____ sunny and warm all year round. is was were

11. The criminal wished he _____ at all. wouldn't be born hadn't been born weren't born

12. They shook hands as if they _____ each other for a long time. knew had known

13. He wishes his friends _____ to his party next weeks. came would come would have come

14. I don’t understand you as though we _____ on different planets. would live lived

15. He smiled as if he _____ my thoughts. can could would

16. They behave as if nothing _____. happened had happened

17. Look healthy as though you _____ jogging every morning. would go went had gone

18. You sound is if you _____ a sore throat. have had

19. I feel so tired as if I _____ all day. worked had worked

20. He began to tremble as if he _____ a ghost. saw had seen

Упражнение 5. Откройте скобки, используя формы сослагательного наклонения после структур as if/as though:

Model: - Why do you always treat me as though I /to be/ a backward child of 12? – were.

1. She kept trying on hat after hat as if she /not to make up/ her mind from the very beginning which she would take. 2. He spoke French as if I/to be/ a Frenchman or /to spend/ most of my life over there. 3. She could discuss the latest novel as though she /to read/ it. 4. She spoke as if she /to know/ everyone there. 5. She behaved as if she /to graduate/ from the university long ago. 6. Nothing about Asbury stirred except his eyes. They did not appear to move on the surface but somewhere in their     blurred depths there was an almost imperceptible motion as if something (to  struggle) feebly. 7. Another and rather longer silence followed and he just started to wonder if this might even be one of disapproval, as if perhaps she instinctively (to sense) how far his relationship with Mrs. Palgrave might have gone, when he suddenly remembered that he had a question to ask her. 8. I felt a touch of coldness inside me, as if I suddenly (to become) aware of the eyes of some dangerous creature.

Glossary

бессмысленная жестокость	senseless cruelty
досрочное освобождение	an early release
общественные организации	public organizations
ограниченная ответственность	limited liability
освобождение на поруки	clearing on bails
порождать преступление	to generate a crime
преступления, совершенные несовершеннолетними	the crimes made by minors
привлекать внимание общественности	to draw attention of the public
совет по условно-досрочному освобождению	council on conditional-early release
упадок традиционных общественных норм	decline of traditional public norms
driving in excess of the speed limit	вождение сверх ограничения скорости
drinking and driving	вождение в состоянии алкогольного опьянения
malicious wounding (e.g. stabbing someone in a fight)	нанесение побоев (например, в драке)
murdering a child	убийство ребенка
smoking marijuana	курение марихуаны
selling drugs (such as heroin)	продажа наркотиков (таких, как героин)
rape	насилие
crime of passion	преступление, совершенное в состоянии аффекта
bizarre charges	абсурдные обвинения

UNIT 12

Лексическая тема: «Tort law. Tort law Violations»

Грамматическая тема: Способы выражения нереальности в английском языке. Употребление форм сослагательного наклонения в конструкциях It’s time, It’s high/about time в придаточных предложениях уступки

Text

TORT LAW

Tort law is a body of law that addresses, and provides remedies for, civil wrongs not arising out of contractual obligations. A person who suffers legal damages may be able to use tort law to receive compensation from someone who is legally responsible, or liable, for those injuries. Generally speaking, tort law defines what constitutes a legal injury and establishes the circumstances under which one person may be held liable for another's injury. Torts cover intentional acts and accidents. In contrast to criminal law (in which the offense is against the State and the State is the plaintiff), in tort law, the offense is against a person and that person is the plaintiff.

Categories of torts

1. Negligence is a tort which depends on the existence of a breach of duty of care owed by one person to another.

2. A statutory tort is like any other, in that it imposes duties on private or public parties, however they are created by the legislature, not the courts.

3. Nuisance. Legally, the term “nuisance” is traditionally used in three ways: (1) to describe an activity or condition that is harmful or annoying to others (e.g., indecent conduct, a rubbish heap or a smoking chimney); (2) to describe the harm caused by the before-mentioned activity or condition (e.g., loud noises or objectionable odors); and (3) to describe a legal liability that arises from the combination of the two. The law of nuisance was created to stop such bothersome activities or conduct when they unreasonably interfered either with the rights of other private landowners (i.e., private nuisance) or with the rights of the general public (i.e., public nuisance).

4. Defamation is tarnishing the reputation of someone; it is in two parts, slander and libel. Slander is spoken defamation and libel is printed and broadcast defamation, both share the same features. Defaming someone entails making a factual assertion for which evidence does not exist.

5. Intentional torts are any intentional acts that are reasonably foreseeable to cause harm to an individual, and that do so. Intentional torts have several subcategories, including tort(s) against the person, including assault, battery, false imprisonment, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and fraud. Property torts involve any intentional interference with the property rights of the claimant. Those commonly recognized include trespass to land, trespass to chattels, and conversion.

6. Economic torts protect people from interference with their trade or business. The area includes the doctrine of restraint of trade and has largely been submerged in the twentieth century by statutory interventions on collective labour law and modern antitrust or competition law. The "absence of any unifying principle drawing together the different heads of economic tort liability has often been remarked upon."

7. Competition law. Modern competition law is an important method for regulating the conduct of businesses in a market economy. A major subset of statutory torts, it is also called 'anti-trust' law, especially in the United States.