Ex. 9. Translate words and expressions in the text from Russian into English: Current Events Shaping Travel and Tourism: Eastern Europe

The world changed in 1989. The "fall of the wall" reshaped world politics and will have (долгосрочный эффект) on international tourism. (В то время как барьеры рушатся) between East and West political blocs, opportunities for tourism will open up in Eastern Eu­rope and the Soviet Union.

The ability of East Germans to visit and move to the West started (поток людей) across borders that has not occurred in decades. Many people flocked to see or participate in the dismantling of the Berlin Wall. Soon after, Europeans were clamoring to see Europe's "other half," and advertisements and promotions for (эксклюзивные туры) appeared.

The tourism industry must wait and see how these changes in Eastern Europe will alter travel patterns around the world. Certainly, some travelers from the West will rush to see these countries that had been hidden for so long behind the (железный занавес). But like all new destinations. Eastern Europe will probably attract modest numbers of people compared to the numbers now attracted to more established, (места массового посещения туристами).

It remains to be seen how and when Eastern European countries, resorts, and cities will respond to such levels of attention and opportunity. (Изменяющиеся паспортные требования) and customs regulations are just first steps. Problems leftover from cen­trally-planned economies plague the general business climate — and tourism. From currency value and exchange difficulties to lack of a trained, (персонал ориентированный на работу в сфере обслуживания), Eastern Europe faces massive problems and challenges in terms of tourism.

Becoming a destination and attraction is only one half of the issue; the other is becoming a source of tourists. Many Eastern European countries and their residents lack the financial resources either to (принимать международных туристов) or to embark on tours themselves. Such conditions show few signs of improvement in the immediate future. The transition to market economies and democratic societies for the nations — and for their residents — will take some time. The opening of Eastern Europe pro­vides many new destinations for tourists. However, it will take awhile for tourism (развиться и преуспеть) in these areas.

Ex. 10. Translate into Russian the following extracts: 1, 3, 4, Tourism: a Mixed Blessing

1. Tourism creates employment. It is estimated that in the Lake District 30 per cent of jobs can be directly attributed to tourism. But the fact that visitors spend their money in a variety of different ways affects other things too. Many village shops would have to close if they were not supported by income from tourists and the money spent on local souvenirs can prevent local industries from going out of business.

2. Many of the roads in the Lake District are extremely narrow and tourist cars cause congestion. Some farmers and local traders complain that the traffic makes it difficult for them to do their work. Because car parks fill up during busy periods, many visitors cause obstructions by parking across gateways, etc.

3. The popularity of the countryside has led to the growth of many organisations dedicated to protecting it. Many areas also operate conservation schemes or trusts, supported' by voluntary contributions. In some pans of the country, tourist operators have set up their own trusts and give money to local conservation projects.

4. The Lakes are a popular attraction for people who enjoy watersports. Most lakes have a speed limit for boats of 16 km per hour. One of the few lakes where fast-boats are permitted is Windermere, which has recently become polluted. This is partly due to boats pumping sewage directly into the water. There are also problems with litter.

5. In the summer, thousands of people use the network of footpaths across the fells. Often, the grassy surface is worn away, leaving rough stone or roue. This makes the path look unsightly and it can be dangerous to walk on. Repairing the paths can be very expensive, particularly higher up in the fells where access is difficult.

6. The income from visitors can help support local services and industries. In a sparsely populated rural area it can be expensive to keep bus services running. Because large numbers of visitors use the buses during the holidays, it is possible to keep them running at quieter times too.

7. Because of the number of people using the lakeshores for picnics and to land their boats, some of the vegetation around the lakes is being destroyed. This can be harmful to wild animals, which build their nests along the shores. The creation of wildlife refuges around some of the lakes has helped protect these natural habitats.