Tsaturova_Kashirina_-_Perevodcheskiy_analiz_texta

Часть 11. ОсВоение текстовых жанроВ в письменном переВоде

экономических, социально-культурных и других обществен­

ных отношений. Следовательно, он ориентирован на самого

массового, усредненного адресата, что и определяет все его

лингвистические и экстралингвистические особенности.

Как мы помним, В. Л. Наер (1981) в пределах мегасти­

ля массовой коммуникации современного английского

языка выделил три, в значительной мере пересекающих­

ся, функциональных стиля - газетный, публицистичес­

кий и религиозный, каждый из которых, естественно, раз­

деляется на подстили и жанры.

В русской традиции более принят термин «публицис­

тический стилы, в котором А. И. Горшков (2001) выделя­

ет следующие подстили: газетно-публицистический, радио­

тележурналистский, ораторский, а Н. Ю. Штрекер (2003) -

газетно-публицистический (язык газеты), агитационный

(воззвания, листовки), официальный политико-идеологи­

ческий (партийные постановления) и массово-политиче­

ский (выступления на митингах).

Все эти и другие попытки упорядочить огромную мас­

су медиатекстов, несомненно, имеют под собой достаточ­

но :оснований, но истина, видимо, заключается в том, что,

как справедливо отмечают М. П. Браидее и В. И. Прово­

торов, «родовое и видовое многообразие современного га­

зетно-публицистического стиля не поддается строгому, а тем более исчерпывающему, разделению».

Как отмечает Н. Ю. Штрекер, публицистический стиль

во всем многообразии всех своих жанров наиболее полно

представлен на газетной полосе, поэтому понятия <<язык

газеты» и <<публицистический стиль» передко использу­

ются как тождественные или близкие. Может быть, именно

поэтому М. П. Брандес, В. И. Провоторов и предпочитают

использовать термин «газетно-публицистический ФС», в

пределах которого выделяют две основные группы тек­ стов - тексты, предназначенные для зрительного воспри­ ятия, и тексты, предназначенные для восприятия на слух, а также две разновидности - диалогическую и монологи-

ТЕМА 8

ческую. В пределах монологической разновидности тек­

стов первой группы выделяются три основных функцио­

нальных типа текстов - информационные, аналитичес­

кие и художественно-публицистические, воплощающиеся

в трех основных жанрах - информацион.ная заметка,

аналитическая статья (обзор) и эссе.

Монологическая разновидность текстов второй груп­

пы - этот та:к называемый ораторский подстиль, вопло­

щающийся во всем многообразии публичных речей. Необ­ ходимо постоянно иметь в виду, что любая публичная речь

предназначена не только для восприятия на слух, но и

для публикации, поэтому она строится в соответствии с

нормами письменной литературной речи. Уникальность

ораторского искусства, существующего с древнейших вре­

мен, состоит в том, чтобы совместитьв речи два в опреде-

u ~

ленпои степени взаимоисключающих своиства - легкость

восприятия на слух с богатством и красотой языка. Диалогическая разновидность представлена такими жан­

рами, как беседа, диспут, дискуссия, полемика, интер­ вью. Они являются своего рода связующим звеном между

печатной и устной группами текстов, так как обладают всеми свойствами устной речи и притом должны быть зафиксированы в печатной форме.

Из всего сказанного следует простой и конструктив­ ный вывод для переводчика: необходимо, конечно, иметь общее представление о структуре современ:ной сферы мас­ совой коммуникации, но при этом в каждой конкретной

переводческой ситуации опираться на разумное сочета­

ние нетворческих и творческих начал, то есть творчески

подходить к анализу и переводу каждого конкретного тек­

ста, не забывая при этом о самых общих свойствах, ха­

рактерных для сферы массовой коммуникации в целом. Все исследователи сходятся во мнении, что основной

особенностью газетно-публицистического стиля является сочетание стаидарта и экспрессии. В зависимости от жан­

ра на первое место выступают то экспрессия, то стандарт.

i

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Часть 11. Освоение текстовых жанров в письменном переводе

Например, в информационной заметке на первом плане

находится стандарт, а в фельетоне - экспрессия.

Многие специалисты полагают, что без стандарта (то

есть использования готовых выражений типа коридоры

власти, создание позитивного имиджа, готовность к диалогу, живой отклик, горячая поддержка, обострение

обстановки, политика диалога и т. п.) невозможно было

бы обеспечить оперативность передачи сообщений, а пото­ му он не является отрицательным качеством публицисти­ ческого стиля. Как писал выдающийся французский лин­ гвист Ш. Балли, язык газет переполвен штампамида иначе и быть не может: трудно писать быстро и правиль­ но, не прибегая к газетным выражениям. От стандартов, традиционно Закрепившихея в публицистическом ФС, следует отличать вежелательные речевые штампы. Если

стандарт - это готовое языковое средство, не вызывающее

негативного отношения, обладающее четкой семантикой и способствующее быстрой и экономной передаче инфор­ мации, то штампэто шаблонный оборот речи, который

не вносит ничего нового и никак не уточняет содержание

высказывания, а лишь засоряет его. В русском языке

примерами такого рода штампов являются: со всей остро­

той, в целях распространения, добиваться улучшения использования и т. п. Именно эти и подобные выражения

и составляют суть так называемого канцелярита, неумес­

тного и вредного в подавляющем большинстве слУчаев.

:Как отмечает А. И. Горшков, «несмотря на большой удельный вес стандарта, в публицистическом стиле на­

стоящие мастера вполне могут проявлять авторскую ин­

дивидуальность. Образ автора вырисовывается здесь впол­ не определенно. Занимая промежуточное положение меж­ ду научным стилем и языком художественной литературы, публицистический стиль оказывает заметное влияние на обе эти разновидности современного языка».

Для публицистического стиля весьма характерны проме­ жуточные, межстилевые явления. Лексика и фразеология

ТЕМА 8

этого стиля очень разнообразны, в нем встречаются книж­

ные, профессиональные, разговорные, просторечные, диа­

лектные выражения. Все эти и многие другие особенности делают тексты газетно-публицистического стиля очень по­ лезным материалом как для повышения общей культуры

речи, так и для специфически переводческих упражнений.

Однако нужно постоянно помнить о том, что не всякий текст можно механически отнести к газетно-публицисти­

ческому стилю лишь на том основании, что он напечатан

в газете или журнале. Иными словами, необходимо уметь отличать газетный текст от текста, напечатанного в газе­

те, так как в газете может встретиться все что угодно.

Так, постановления и приказы, где бы они ни были опубли­

кованы, относятся к официально-деловому стилю. В пуб­

ликуемых в газетах и журналах аналитических статьях

на научные и экономические темы видно влияние научно­

го стиля. Стихотворение или рассказ, опубликованные в

газете, тем не менее относятся к художественному стилю.

В газетах также печатаются реклама, объ~вления, пись­

ма и т. д.

Задание 1. Тексты, относящиеся к газетно-публицистическому

стилю, для переводческого анализа, полного письменного пере­

вода, обсуждения. К какому жанру следует отнести каждый из них? Подтвердите свои суждения языковыми фактами. Обратите

внимание на идиоматические выражения и другие интересные с

точки зрения перевода моменты.

RED ARROWS JET CRASHES INTO ROW OF HOUSES

Ву Мark Rosselli

А JET belonging to the RAF aerobatics team, the Red Arrows, crashed on to houses in а Lincolnshire village yesterday after hitting а second Red Arrows aircraft.

The houses, two of which were badly damaged, were not occupied at the time, and both pilots parachuted to safety. More than 200 children were playing at а primary school

Часть 11. Освоение текстовых жанров в письменном переводе

about 250 yards from the crash. The accident happened at lunchtime as а formation of six Red Arrows was practicing n~ar the team's home base at RAF Scampton, north of Lшcoln. The exact details of the incident will Ье estaЬlished Ьу an RAF board of inquiry, but it appears that as the formation was traveling at about 1,500 ft, the flight leader's Hawk jet was hit Ьу а second jet.

As both spun out of control, the pilots ejected; one jet landed in а field close to the village of Welton about three miles from the airfield. The other crashed i~to а row of council houses at the edge of the village, clipping two with its wing tip before crashing into а third. Last night, the pilots were said to Ье in а satisfactory condition at Lincoln County Hospital, one with а broken leg and the other with minor chest and back injuries. Neither was named.

Some of those living near the crash were treated for shockangry residents said that at the time of the accident, hund: reds of children were playing outside their schools. The village also hasa secondary school with 800 pupils. The Rev Brian Pritchard, chairman of the school governors at St Mary's, said: "Nobody has been hurt, thank God - but if ~hin~s had been just а Ьit the other way, а few more yards, 1t m1ght have been а very serious accident."

The Red Arrows use the winter to bring in new members but all are highly experienced pilots. Their Hawks, costin~

f:3.5m each, are standard RAF jet trainers. The unit has lost 16 aircraft since it was formed in 1965, but there have been no fatalities since 1978, when two pilots died in а crash at their home base.

SEPТEMBER 11 АТ ТНЕ MOVIES

Ву Daniel Mendelsohn

At а quarter to nine on the morning of September 11, 2001, 1 was driving down the West Side Highway in Manhattan in а car filled with scholarly texts about Greek

122

ТЕМА 8

tragedy. It was а Tuesday, and the first session of the seminar 1 used to teach each fall at Princeton, "Self and Society in Classical Greek Drama," was scheduled to meet on Thursday. Because I'd recently been given а Ьig new office, 1 had decided to move all of my classics texts from my apartment in New York down to Princeton; which is why, at around eight that morning, 1 could Ье found in front of my building on the Upper West Side, loading boxes of books with titles like Tragedy and Enlightenment and. The Greeks and the lrrational into а friend's car. Mter I'd finished, 1 got in the car and headed south toward lower Manhattan, where the friend who was going to accompany me to New Jersey lived.

Му friend and 1 had agreed to meet at her place at nine, but traffic on the highway was surprisingly light and 1 reached

going to arrive momentarily. "Don't Ье mad," 1 said, "but 1 made good time." 1 flipped the phone shut, looked up, and а dark flash of something darted into the building that loomed directly before me, which was the north tower of the World Trade Center. А gigantic ball of bright orange fire ballooned out of the tower, followed Ьу vast plumes of dense, Ьlack smoke.

Today, when 1 tell people this story, 1 say it was like Vesuvius; there was, indeed, something volcanic about the quality of fire and smoke pouring out of the huge Ьlack gash in the building's side, which directly faced those of us who were looking at it from the north. But at the time, the first, irrational thought that came into my staggered mind was that someone was making а Ьlockbuster disaster movie. What 1 thought, in fact, was this: ln this day and age, with its sophisticated digital special effects, why would anyone use real planes?

After а stupefied moment, in which the realness of the accident (as 1 then thought it must Ье) became apparent,

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Часть 11. Освоение текстовых жанров в письменном переводе

1 swerved my car onto а side street, where already clusters of people had stopped to stare and cry out in awed horror. Shaking, 1 reached for my cell phone and hit redial. "What's up?" Renee asked. "Turn on the TV, turn on the TV," 1 said, а little hysterically. "The World Trade Center Ьlew up." But of course there was nothing to see on the TV yet. The amazing thing had just taken place; there was no coverage yet, no media, no commentary, no evaluation, no interpretation. lt was just the raw event. What had just happened had not yet become the story of what happened. < ...>

RUSSIA

"Business Central Europe. The Annual 2000"

The economy is in а goodjbad news situation. Cataclysm has been avoided.. The rouЬle maintains its mysterious staЬility; and production figures are chugging upwards again after the calamitous drops of 1998. Many observers even forecast modest GDP growth after а rise in world oil prices. Even better, the governm:ent has committed itself to а series of reforms - including hard budgetary constraints, better tax collection and bank restructuring - on order to meet the terms of а new $4.5 Ьillion loan from the IMF.

But the apparent recovery is equivocal, not least because official economic figures should Ье taken with а heavy pinch of salt. Much of the apparent rise in production is the result of windfall gains for exporters from devaluation. Among the population, conditions have steadily worsened. While production has gone up, domestic consumption has slumped. The average monthly wage is now below $70 - down over one-third in real terms year on year. And unemployment is creeping up, to as high as 18% Ьу some measures.

And if the government's reform's commitment to the IMF sounds а little fami1iar, that's because it's been promised before. Discussion with the IMF still revolves around the

124

ТЕМА 8

absolute basics of tax and bank reform. These are measures that should have been tackled before the crisis, and certainly not postponed after it.

POLAND

"Business Central Europe. The Annual 2000"

Economy With the 1998 Russian crisis slashing crossborder trade Ьу 40%, the Polish economy faces а rocky time in 2000. Cross-border trade with Russia will tumЬle further following EU demands that Poland tighten border controls. That's one reason why recent surveys show that just 46% of respondents favour EU membership, compared to 70% two years ago.

Still, while economic prospects for 2000 aren't exactly rosy, they could hardly Ье called bad, either. Growth should accelerate to 5%, from 3.5% in 1999, while increased privatization revenues will help fund both the struggling budget and social security reform.

Business There are some good business reasons why the Polish economy is faltering. Laggardly privatization (40% of industrial workers are still employed Ьу state firms) means that communist-era companies are an increasing drag on the wider economy. The coal sector alone lost $800 million in 1999, for example, and the government's own economic plans accept that rapid growth can't Ье sustained until the country's unproductive mines and still mills are sold off.

Still, some long-delayed privatizations were carried out in 1999, including Bank Pekao, LOT airline and the Polski Koncern Naftowy oil conglomerate. That will continue in 2000, when state companies worth some $4 Ьillion should Ье sold.

That should allow the government to focus on providing а better environment for Poland's uncompetitive private sector, where Ьig improvements in labour efficiency and quality are still needed.

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Часть 11. Освоение текстовьtх жанров в письменном переводе

Increa8ingly, the Ьigger private companie8 are accepting they can only 8Urvive with а foreign partner. But mo8t Pole8 work for 2.5 million small companie8 that produce nearly half of GDP. They remain backward, and largely incapaЬle of competing internationally. If Poland want8 to carry on growing, that mu8t change.

"WE DID NOT HANG AROUND ТО SEE IF ТНЕ GUN WORKED"

J ohn Aglionby in Dili

Saturday September 4, 1999

The sound of the 8mack acro88 my friend'8 face echoed like а gun8hot. I whipped round to 8ее her clutching her left ear and а fiery man 8houting at her: "Get out you foreign dog."

Thi8 appeared to Ье а signal to the 8ix men with him to attack U8, five journalist8 inve8tigating an attack Ьу proJakarta militia8 ye8terday morning on the pro-independence 8uburb of Becora in the Ea8t Timor capital, Dili. Another man pulled out а pi8tol. It wa8 only а homemade gun but we did not hang around to 8ее if it would work. Should I have left with the journali8t8 who at that moment were packing their bag8 to evacuate on а ВВС charter flight?

Several of the militiamen followed U8 briefly but, thankfully, made no seriou8 attempt to prevent our е8саре. Even more pa88ive were the dozen members of the police's crack moЬile brigade, all armed with automatic rifle8 and bayonet8. The officer8 made no attempt to intervene at any time: they

. did nothing when the militiamen barged though their rank8, heading for us, or when the a88ault began.

The word8 of UN 8poke8man David Wimhur8t ran through my mind. "The performance of the Indone8ian police has been totally inadequate 8ince polling day."

That was Monday, when 98.6% of East Timorese adult8 voted, mo8tly peacefully, on whether to remain part of Indonesia or choo8e independence.

126

ТЕМА 8

Since then реасе ha8 been hard to find anywhere in the former Portugue8e colony, invaded Ьу Indone8ia in 1975.

I la8t left Dili on Wedne8day afternoon, to go to the village of Hera 10 mile8 away, where four people were reportedly killed Ьу militiamen.

The local people de8cribed how the militiamen pulled four graduate8 of the local polytechnic from their car the previous day and took them away. Ten hour8 later they were dead. The one man who 8aw the a88ault i8 now in hiding, nursing а smashed head and broken arm.

JAM JAR POLITICS

Some scandal8 are ju8t too delicious, and those linked to French Pre8ident Jacque8 Chirac are, well, especially juicy. As one of his rivals once 8aid, "Chirac can have hi8 mouth full of jam, hi8 fingers covered with it, the pot can Ье standing open in front of him, and when you ask if he'8 а jam eater he'll 8ау: 'Ме, eat jam?"'

In other countries or culture8, that might not Ье acceptaЬle behavior. But in France, there'8 а certain charm in cheating, and Chirac i8 nothing if not charming. In hi8 re-election race against the rather humorle8s 8ociali8t Lionel Jospin, the rea8on most people give for voting for Chirac i8 that he's just more sympathique. It's not that evidence implicating him in several different scandal8 ha8n't been reported. It ha8, exten8ively. But Chirac'8 foiЬle8, it would seem, are one8 hi8 people find еа8у to understand. Не epitomizes the culture from which corruption comes, and exemplifie8 the reason8 it'8 80 hard to eliminate. Even in grade schools, cheating i8 not considered а 8hame. And for grown-ups, as Alexi8 de Tocqueville wrote almo8t two centurie8 ago, while rules are 8tiff, in practice they're soft. So why 8hould pre8ident8 Ье holier than thou?

Wouldn't it 8eem churlish to attack Chirac for taking hi8 family and friend8 on 80 many lovely trip8 when he was

127

Часть 11. Освоение текстовых жанров в письменном переводе

mayor of Paris? Не paid €500,000 in cash for the tickets, after all. (When queried, he says he was entitled to the money from а special discretionary account.) And so what if members of his party used to draw down salaries from the government for jobs they never did? Surely they're not alone in that. Yes, yes, there were kickbacks in the construction of schools and public housing, but didn't Chirac's Gaullist Party share the wealth with the socialists and communists? МауЬе а few printing invoices were padded, but what's €14 million here or there in а political system that runs on sheaves of high-denomination bills? As а former staffer at Chirac's party treasury wrote last month: "То close the cupboards you had to push in the bundles with your feet."

Nothing crystallized Chirac's rakish in-souciance quite like revelations earlier this month about the food and beverage bills he rang up from 1987 to 1995 as mayor of Paris. Не and his rather snooty wife, Bernadette, apparently thought nothing of putting their champagne tastes on the municipal budget. The records were supposed to have been destroyed when he left city hall for the presidential palace but, oops, they fell into the hands of his socialist opponents: €2.13 million worth of wining and dining over eight years, not including official dinners, lunches or cocktails. Accountants perused the numbers with all the delectation of а gourmand extracting that last little sturgeon egg from а jar of beluga. The satirical-investigative weekly Canard Enchaine went into paroxysms over the imagined menu. Could Jacques and Bernadette truly have been eating €150 worth of fruit а day? Even at the opulent caterers they frequented, that's а lot of bananas. And how about those high teas? €21,000 worth of camomile, jellies and other little munchies in 1994 alone? (''Ме, eat jam?")

On further examination, а lot of the bills appeared to Ье fake, duplicated or altered. А receipt for 5,000 francs (€762.25) worth of foie gras with truffles, for instance, seems to have had а "1" added to make it 15,000 (€2,286. 75). The fact that

ТЕМА 8

65 percent of the Ьills were paid in cash lent an especially fishy aroma to the affair. Whatever they were whipping up in that kitchen, on the books it look like slush.

Nobody's saying exactly who might have fiddled the accounts. Someone in the pantry? "If for reasons of which I'm unaware there were cases of misappropriation of funds or of dysfunctionality in the [city-hall] services," said Chirac, "then it's up to the city of Paris to bring charges." But not against him. As long as Chirac is president, he's effectively got immunity and can't Ье interrogated Ьу the court. Next month he may well Ье elected for another five-year term. If that happens, there will still Ье many French breaking out the champagne. But others will Ье locking up their cookie jars.

DUTCH FARMER WORKS WONDERS

IN MOSCOW REGION

Johannes Panman, а 53-year-old Dutch farmer, has recently been the subject of much controversy in this country. Two years ago, fate landed him in the Dmitrov District of the Moscow Region where he oЬtained а 50-year lease on some potato fields, producing very high-quality potatoes which Russia usually buys abroad for hard currency. Locals, with their trademark thoroughness, started stealing the farmer's harvest, as shown in an NTV report in late September. We asked the author of this report to share some details about the long-suffering foreigner.

Ву Lena KUKSINA

NTV, special to Мoscow N ews

Johannes Panman's working day in Russia starts at six in the morning and ends exactly at midnight. At daybreak, he can already Ье seen standing, commander-like, on the captain's bridge of an imported potato harvester Ьiting into the soil of one of the potato fields that he has leased in the

Часть 11. Освоение meкcmo&tx жанрод 8 письменном переводе

Dmitrov District. The Dutchman leaves the field when а mist starts drawing over the low ground near the river.

For this, the farmer left his vast farm near Amsterdam. True, he has everything running smoothly there, with clockwork precision, and he does not have to worry about it. Now he is drawn to enigmatic Russia. Heis helped Ьу Jan-Wiliem Backen, а 22-year-old assistant - the same straw-colored hair, faded in the sun, and the same expensive thin-rimmed glasses covered with а thick layer of dust. Jan is а graduate of an agricultural college; he worked as an intern with Panman and then joined him to go to snowy Russia.

The vast, under-cultivated country appealed to their hearts. They hope to build on their potato success story and start а dairy operation, delivering milk to Moscow plants to produce yogurts - а recent passion in Russia. Sales do not worry the Dutchmen. They are more amazed at the fact that such а huge, fertile, and well-populated country imports 70 percent of its food from abroad. The Dutchmen genuinely expect to make some money on this paradox.

Agriculturallaws in their motherland are harsh: а farmer may not produce milk or potatoes beyond а specified quota. In Russia, however, no one cares. You can work all you like. They will even thank you for any additional kilograms that you produce and рау you for them.

There is yet another circumstance that lured the Dutchmen to Russia. The Dutch government gave Panman а loan for this operation. True, the crisis that hit Russia has frozen it indefinitely. Panman does not complain, but now he has to rely only on his own resources and hope that his potatoes find а good market in Moscow. How much he will now gets for them is, of course, anybody's guess.

Especially given that people are stealing from Panman. They are doing this in а Ьig way. They come with their families, with sacks and spades. It's hardly surprising. The potatoes are very good, especially when baited - at least according to local residents who shamelessly plunder Pan-

130

ТЕМА 8

man's fields it broad daylight. Meanwhile, Panman rushes about in his white Lada car, trying to chase the Russians away. But he has so much land200 hectares and only one Panman. It's clear who will emerge the winner in this battle for the harvest.

However it would Ье wrong to say that Penman is going it completely alone. Local muzhiks are working 'for him. Nonetheless, it seems that you cannot really rely on them either. If you don't watch out, а potato harvester operator, who has smuggled in а bottle of vodka in his knapsack, will take а swig or two right in the morning, and your expensive piece of Dutch hardware is ruined.

Vodka is the main pastime of the local men who work for Panman. When Panman catches а drunk agricultura1 worker red-handed for the first time, he warns him that next time he will Ье fired. Even so, threats do not work. Since April the Dutchman has had to kick out four local muzhiks. There is no shortage of applicants for the vacancies: Panman pays well. Furthermore, he teaches his Dutch potato-growing technology to his employees free of charge. And this technology is really effective: the local state farm produces 18 tones of potatoes per hectare while Penman does 35 tones.

As а token of gratitude, the local employees have learned а few of the most common Dutch words. As for Johannes and his wife, who was mercilessly brought to Russia from prosperous Holland, they are taking а crash course in Russian. Richt, the courageous Dutchman's wife, sees her husband at best three to four hours а day. Still, she hopes that this is only temporary and that in winter they will find the time to go cross-country skiing together. Life in Russia gives her many proЬlems: the little house standing in the middle of а field has no hot water or running water or central heating - only electricity. The former stewardess has to boil water in а kettle to wash or to launder. Most of the time, she can forget about the shower and other creature comforts; she goes to Dmitrov once а week, checks in at the

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Часть 11. Освоение текстовых жанров в письменном переводе

local hotel, and wallows in а hot bath. While in town, she also stocks up on food for the week - the Panmans are afraid to eat the local stuff.

Richt does not regret having moved to Russia and is ready, in her own words, to follow her husband to the end of the earth. The latter - despite the crisis that has scared all foreigners - is ready to settle dowц. in Russia for а long time. Не has even begun to build а Ьig two~story house next to his Swedish makeshift structure. The locals соте to gape at it and feel really angry when the Dutchman fails to invite them to tea. Un~Christian~Iike, they say.

ЧАСТЬ 111

Практика

переводческого анализа,

перевода

иредактирования

более сложных текстов

Тема 9. Учимся на ошибках, или Научная критика перевода как

метод обучения

Практика редактирования переводов, сопоставительный ана­

лиз и оценка качества разных переводов одного и того же

текста.

Тема 10. Практика переводческого анализа и перевода

Десять очень разных текстов для переВодческого анализа

и переВода.

ТЕМА 9

Учимся на ошибках, или Научная критика перевода как метод обучения

Данна,я тема полностью посвящена практике сопостав-

. ления текстов оригинала и перевода, научной критике и редактированию. В качестве материала для критики и

редактирования использованы реальные студенческие ра­

боты в абсолютно неизмененном виде.

Задание 1. Прочитайте и тщательно проанализируйте приве­

денный ниже текст, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые труд­

ности.

BELARUS

One of the main reasons that Russia may Ье wary about swallowing up its western neighbour is the sheer scale of Belarus's economic woes. Mr. Lukashenko does his best to cover up the proЬlems Ьу selective use of statistics, but the fact is that his economic policies don't work.

Inflation is the Ьiggest headache, and looks 1ike ending 1999 at around 200% thanks to extremely loose credit policies.

In an attempt to prevent inflation, the government has imposed а system of price controls which in turn creates severe shortages of most staple goods. (... )

It's hard to Ьlame Mr. Lukashenko completely. His through- the-looking-glass ecoiiomic policies have at least served to maintain almost universal employment and affordaЬle utility and housing prices for his voters. And Russia has connived in the process: Ьу effectively agreeing to act ,as а dumping