- •1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims.
- •2. The difference between typological and historic and comparative linguistics.
- •3.Methods of comparative typological research.
- •4. Families of languages in the world today.
- •5.Language type and the type of languages.
- •6. Phonological classification of the languages.
- •7. Syntactical classification of languages
- •8. Synth and analytical languages
- •9. Notion of etalon language
- •10. Language universals and their kinds.
- •11. History of typ investigations 19-20 cent.
- •12. Constants in phonology.
- •13. Typology of the vowel system in the lang-s compared. Oppositions in the system of vowels.
- •14. Typology of the consonant system in the lang-s compared.
- •15. Assimilation of Cs in e and u.
- •16. Typology of the syllable in the contrasted lang-s.
- •17. Word stress in the lang-s compared.
- •18. Intonation in English and Ukrainian.
- •19. Isomorphism & allomorphism in the system of speech tones in English & Ukrainian
- •20. Constants for typological analysis in the sphere of lexicology.
- •21. Means of nomination.
- •22. Allomorphic features of semantic structure of words in English and Ukrainian.
- •23. Types of motivation.
- •24. Lacunae in English & Ukrainian.
- •25. Typology of different layers of lexicon in contrasted languages.
- •26. Native and Borrowed words in English and Ukrainian word-stock.
- •27. Typology of expressive and neutral lexicon in English and Ukrainian.
- •28. Affixation in the languages compared.
- •29. Blending, back-formation, reduplication in English and ukrainian.
- •30. Conversion as a predominantly English way of word-building in the contrasted languages.
- •31. Accentual word-formation, shortening and compounding in English and Ukrainian.
- •32. Typology of phraseological units (isomorphic and allomorphic features).
- •33. Typology of set-phrases of non-phraseological character in English and Ukrainian.
- •34. Morphological constants for typological analysis.
- •35. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the forms of morphological categories.
- •36. Typology of pats of speech.
- •37. The noun. Its general implicit (and dependent) grammatical meaning in the contrasted languages. Classes of nouns in the languages compared.
- •38. The category of gender of nouns in the languages compared.
- •39. The category of case of nouns and means of realization of case relations in the contrasted languages.
- •41. The expression of quantity by nouns in the contrasted languages. Singularia tantum/pluralia tantum nouns.
- •43. The adjective in the contrasted languages, degrees of comparison, possessive adjectives.
- •44. The verb: isomorphic and allomorphic features in the system of morphological features of the verb. Functions of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •In English
- •In Ukrainian
- •47. Non-finite forms of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •48. Isomorphic and allomorphic features of the adverb in the languages compared. Classification of adverbs, degrees of comparison, syntactic functions of adverbs.
- •52 Modal Words
- •55. Paradigmatic (morphological) classes of word-groups(wg) in the languages compared.
- •56. Isomorphism and allomorphism in types of word-groups (predicative, objective, attributive, adverbial) in the languages compared.
- •57. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the means of expressing syntactic connection in Eng and Ukr word-groups.
- •58. Syntactic processes and syntactic relations in Eng and Ukr.
- •59. Typology of the main parts of the sentence in the lang-s compared.
- •60. Typology of the secondary parts of the sentence in eng and Ukr.
- •61. The detached secondary parts of speech
- •62. The homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •63. Expression of impersonal meanings in the languages compared.
- •64. Grammatically independent parts of English and Ukrainian sentences.
- •65. Typology of the simple sentence in the contrasted languages.
- •66. The complex sentences in the e and Uk
- •66. Typology of the complex sentence
- •In English In Ukrainian
- •1. Substantive-nominal: 1. Субстантивно-номінативні:
- •3. Adverbial Clauses: 3. Адвербіальні підрядні речення:
- •67. Compound Sentences in Languages compared
- •69. Non-segmentable sentences
62. The homogeneous parts of the sentence
In Uk. And in Eng. Homogeneous parts are of identical functions, structure and nomenclature. In the sentence homogeneous may be:
Co-ordinate Subjects (extended/unextended)
Example: The captain, George and I slowly turned our heads.
Капітан, Джордж та я повільно повернули голови.
Co-ordinate homogeneous Predicates (simple/extended/unextended)
Ex. He lighted his cigarette, said good night, and went away.
Він прикурив, сказав надобраніч, і пішов геть.
Isomorphic in both languages are homogeneous compound verbal and compound nominal predicates
EX: The dead fingers could neither touch nor clutch.
Замерзлі пальці не могли ні відчути, ні взяти (сірника).
One evening she came home low-spirited and very tired.
Одного вечора вона прийшла додому у поганому настрої та дуже втомлена.
Homogeneous co-ordinate objects (extended/unextended/prepositional)
Ex: His parents used to present him books, notebooks and small souvenirs.
Його батьки зазвичай дарували йому книжки, записники та невеличкі сувеніри.
Allomorphic feature of English – homogeneous objects expressed by gerunds (In Uk they are translated with the help of nouns and infinitives)
Ex: I simply love riding. Я просто обожнюю їздити верхи.
Co-ordinate homogeneous Attributes
In both languages the functioning of homogeneous attributive adjuncts manifests itself n the distribution (preposed/postposed) and in structural forms (extended/unextended/prepositional).
Allomorphism – in their connection with the head components – in Uk – mainly synthetic or analytical and synthetic; in Eng. – analytical
Ex: He seems a very silent, awkward, bashful lad. Він виглядає мовчазним, незграбним, соромливим хлопцем.
Homogeneous co-ordinate Adverbial Modifiers
Isomorphism – in their functions and are often identical n the grammatical means and ways of their expression. The most frequently occurring are:
time and frequency ex: We shall try it tomorrow – Ми спробуємо це завтра
place and direction ex: Tom had spies everywhere – У Тома скрізь були шпигуни.
Manner or attendant circumstances ex: He so obviously adored his wife – Він так явно обожнював свою дружину
purpose ex: Ham sometimes walked with us to show us the boats and ships. – Хем інколи йшов з нами, для того щоб показати нам човни та кораблі.
result ex: She is too fond of the child to leave it – Вона занадто любить дитину, щоб залишити її.
63. Expression of impersonal meanings in the languages compared.
In Uk only there are such subtypes of impersonal one-member sentence as:
Impersonal proper – the principal part is expressed by the finite (predicate) verb or by a personal verb form. Ex: Світає. Вік живи, вік учись.
Impersonal with the main part/finite verb expressing the state of the agent used in dative case form/ Ex: Забажалось королеві завоювати чуже царство.
Impersonal with the principal part expressed by verbs in –но, -то EX: Роботу покинуто
Impersonal with the finite verb referring to a person but expressing impersonal meaning ex: Йому кололо в боки. Impersonal with statives: Дітям спочатку було дуже нудно
Impersonal with modal predicative phrases functioning as part of the modal verbal predicate ex: Йому не слід було дивитись.
In Eng only two-member impersonal sentences which are introduced by the impersonal pronoun/subject It Ex: It snowed. It is raining.