- •1. The subject of comparative typology and its aims.
- •2. The difference between typological and historic and comparative linguistics.
- •3.Methods of comparative typological research.
- •4. Families of languages in the world today.
- •5.Language type and the type of languages.
- •6. Phonological classification of the languages.
- •7. Syntactical classification of languages
- •8. Synth and analytical languages
- •9. Notion of etalon language
- •10. Language universals and their kinds.
- •11. History of typ investigations 19-20 cent.
- •12. Constants in phonology.
- •13. Typology of the vowel system in the lang-s compared. Oppositions in the system of vowels.
- •14. Typology of the consonant system in the lang-s compared.
- •15. Assimilation of Cs in e and u.
- •16. Typology of the syllable in the contrasted lang-s.
- •17. Word stress in the lang-s compared.
- •18. Intonation in English and Ukrainian.
- •19. Isomorphism & allomorphism in the system of speech tones in English & Ukrainian
- •20. Constants for typological analysis in the sphere of lexicology.
- •21. Means of nomination.
- •22. Allomorphic features of semantic structure of words in English and Ukrainian.
- •23. Types of motivation.
- •24. Lacunae in English & Ukrainian.
- •25. Typology of different layers of lexicon in contrasted languages.
- •26. Native and Borrowed words in English and Ukrainian word-stock.
- •27. Typology of expressive and neutral lexicon in English and Ukrainian.
- •28. Affixation in the languages compared.
- •29. Blending, back-formation, reduplication in English and ukrainian.
- •30. Conversion as a predominantly English way of word-building in the contrasted languages.
- •31. Accentual word-formation, shortening and compounding in English and Ukrainian.
- •32. Typology of phraseological units (isomorphic and allomorphic features).
- •33. Typology of set-phrases of non-phraseological character in English and Ukrainian.
- •34. Morphological constants for typological analysis.
- •35. Isomorphic and allomorphic features in the forms of morphological categories.
- •36. Typology of pats of speech.
- •37. The noun. Its general implicit (and dependent) grammatical meaning in the contrasted languages. Classes of nouns in the languages compared.
- •38. The category of gender of nouns in the languages compared.
- •39. The category of case of nouns and means of realization of case relations in the contrasted languages.
- •41. The expression of quantity by nouns in the contrasted languages. Singularia tantum/pluralia tantum nouns.
- •43. The adjective in the contrasted languages, degrees of comparison, possessive adjectives.
- •44. The verb: isomorphic and allomorphic features in the system of morphological features of the verb. Functions of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •In English
- •In Ukrainian
- •47. Non-finite forms of the verb in English and Ukrainian.
- •48. Isomorphic and allomorphic features of the adverb in the languages compared. Classification of adverbs, degrees of comparison, syntactic functions of adverbs.
- •52 Modal Words
- •55. Paradigmatic (morphological) classes of word-groups(wg) in the languages compared.
- •56. Isomorphism and allomorphism in types of word-groups (predicative, objective, attributive, adverbial) in the languages compared.
- •57. Isomorphism and allomorphism in the means of expressing syntactic connection in Eng and Ukr word-groups.
- •58. Syntactic processes and syntactic relations in Eng and Ukr.
- •59. Typology of the main parts of the sentence in the lang-s compared.
- •60. Typology of the secondary parts of the sentence in eng and Ukr.
- •61. The detached secondary parts of speech
- •62. The homogeneous parts of the sentence
- •63. Expression of impersonal meanings in the languages compared.
- •64. Grammatically independent parts of English and Ukrainian sentences.
- •65. Typology of the simple sentence in the contrasted languages.
- •66. The complex sentences in the e and Uk
- •66. Typology of the complex sentence
- •In English In Ukrainian
- •1. Substantive-nominal: 1. Субстантивно-номінативні:
- •3. Adverbial Clauses: 3. Адвербіальні підрядні речення:
- •67. Compound Sentences in Languages compared
- •69. Non-segmentable sentences
3.Methods of comparative typological research.
-the comparative method aims at establishing the isomorphic(alongside of allomorphic) features and on their basis the determining of structural types of languages under contrastive investigation;
-the deductive method is based on logical calculation which suggests all the possible variants of realization of a certain feature/phenomenon in speech of one or more contrasted languages;
-the inductive method which needs novarification, since the investigated feature was proved by linguists and therefore the results obtained are possible;
-the statistic method for establishing the necessary quantitative and qualitative representation of some features or for identifying the percentage of co-ocurrence of some features or linguistic units in the contrasted languages;
-the IC (immediate constituents) method is employed to contrast only linguistic units for investigating their constituent parts in one or some contrasted languages;
-transformational method for identifying the nature of a linguistic unit in the source language or for determining the difference in the form of expression in the contrasted languages.
4. Families of languages in the world today.
A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language of that family. There are over 100 language families in the world. The most widespread language families are:
The Indo-European Family
The most widely studied family of languages and the family with the largest number of speakers. Languages include English, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Russian, Greek, Hindi, Bengali; and the classical languages of Latin, Sanskrit, and Persian.
The Uralic Family
A family found in Europe (Hungarian, Finnish) and Siberia (Mordvin) with complex noun structures.
The Altaic Family
A family spread from Europe (Turkish) through Centra Asia (Uzbek), Mongolia (Mongolian), to the Far East (Korean, Japanese). These languages have the interesting property of vowel harmony.
The Sino-Tibetan Family
An important Asian family of languages that includes the world's most spoken language, Mandarin. These languages are monosyllabic and tonal.
The Malayo-Polynesian Family
A family consisting of over 1000 languages spread throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans as well South East Asia. Languages include Malay, Indonesian, Maori and Hawaiian.
The Afro-Asiatic Family
This family contains languages of northern Africa and the Middle East. The dominant languages are Arabic and Hebrew.
The Caucasian Family
A family based around the Caucas Mountains between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. Georgian and Chechen are the main languages. They are known for their large number of consonants.
The Dravidian Family
The languages of southern India (in contrast to the Indo-European languages of northern India). Tamil is the best known of these languages.
Austro-Asiatic Family
This family are a scattered group of languages in Asia. They are found from eastern India to Vietnam. Languages include Vietnamese and Khmer.
Niger-Congo Family
This family features the many languages of Africa south of the Sahara. The large number of languages include Swahili, Shona, Xhosa and Zulu.