II Comprehensive check

Match the beginning of each phrase in the left-hand column with its end from the right-hand column:

1. The increase in public concern a) transformed into mats and carpets.

2. Recycling industry covers b) it’s usage saves up to 62 per cent of energy. 3.Recycling is c) everything from old car bodies to cans

and industrial sludge.

3. One of the advantages of recycling is d) a processing of industrial and

household waste.

4. The scrap is almost pure metal, and e) to collect, sort and process discarded

materials.

5. Recycled materials are f) of reducing dependence on finite

natural resources.

6. Recycling helps to avoid g) less expensive than primary raw

materials.

7. Recycling is an important means h) dumping large quantities of used

materials in landfill sites.

8. Advanced technology is used i) gave a new prominence to the recycling

industry.

9. Old tires rubber can be j) saving a large proportion of energy

needed for producing an item from raw

materials.

III Make up 5 questions of the different types to the text.

I Reading

a) Read the following text

Put down the unknown words (with their transcription and translation) into your vocabulary. Be ready to translate the text orally.

b) Find and write out all irregular verbs given in the text. Remember three forms of them.

Kyiv the mother of russian cities (Part I)

Kyiv is one of the most ancient European cities and its history as the capital of the ancient state of Rus dates back to 862. Nestor, the ancient Russian chronicler, in his immortal work named "The Tale of the Bygone Years" told the miraculous legend trying to get to the roots of the Ancient Russian state. The archaeological digs testify that the territory of contemporary Kyiv was occupied even earlier, back in the I century BC. Whoever did not occupy these lands in those ancient times: the Cimmerians, the Scythians, the Sarmatians, the Goths, the Avars, the Ugres, the Pechenigs and the Polovtzys. The settlements founded here had reached their highest development level by the end of the II centuries AD, but then the period of decline began. The East-Slavonic tribes of the Polians, the Drevlians and the Rusichys came to live here on the permanent basis. Beginning from that time the city started to grow and develop. The city had already gained its initial names at that time. The ancient Gothic tribes called it "The Dnieper City," the Greek travellers called it "Sombat", the Arabs called it "Kuiabu" and the Slavs called it simply and respectfully - Kyiv. The aforemen­tioned Nestor, the Chronicler told the legend about the three brothers: Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv and their sister Lybid. The city gained its name Kyiv from the name of Prince Kyi, the elder brother. The country named Kyiv Rus reached its hey-day in the IX-XIII centuries.

In 862 the Novgorod Prince Oleg and his warriors "reached the hills of Kyiv". Seeing the beauty and riches of the city, the Prince's grimed forces con­quered the city and the Prince officially announced Kyiv the capital of Rus, the Mother of the Russian cities and towns.

The city, situated on the high hills on the bank of the Dnieper, one of the biggest European rivers, had the excel­lent defence position and, above all, it was located on the well-known since the earlier times trade route "from the Variangians to the Greeks". Furs, wheat, honey, salt, exotic drapery, spices, foodstuffs, various jewellery and weaponry were traded, exported and imported here. The relations both with the northern peoples and with the southern ones were established. The city had quite friendly relations with Byzantium (Constantinople).

It was not by chance that Kyiv Prince Volodymyr called the "Yasne Sonechko" by people, adopted Christianity (just the Byzantine variant) in 988. It was the time of the great progress of the ancient Russian state when its original and lively culture was formed and devel­oped. The capital city was flourishing as well. The construction of majestic cathedrals started in the city. The Greek masters ornamented the Desyatynna Church (The church of the Tithes), the first stone church in Rus with frescos and decorat­ed it with mosaics. The church building was even decorated with marble aggregate from outside. It was so beautiful that people called it tenderly "Mramoryana" (marble faced). The Prince allotted one tenth of the nation­al treasury for the construction of the church and hence the origin of its name (from Russian "desyatyna" - one tenth part). E. Grebinka wrote the following words about that time, "Kyiv among other cities is like the Sun among other planets and like the king among peo­ples. It stands on the high hill, encircled by green gardens and it is topped with gilded church domes and crosses, as if with a holy crown".

The city reached the heights of development during the reign of the Prince Yaroslav the Wise. Having beated nomadic tribes of the Pechenigs just in front of the city gates on the field out side the city walls, the Prince swore to erect a Cathedral on this place and to devote it to St. Sophia, the Holy Wisdom. The Prince even surpassed himself in his promise to erect the cathedral and to decorate it.

The St. Sophia's Cathedral in Kyiv, built in 1037 appeared to be the huge, monumental and majestic construction, crowned with thirteen gilded domes rising proudly to the skies, decorated with frescos, tremendous due to their expressiveness and ornamented with enigmatically flickering multicoloured mosaics. The St. Sophia's Cathedral was the place, where princes were enthroned, foreign ambassadors were received, and agreements and armistices were signed. The first library in Rus and one of the first ones in Europe was founded here. The first parish school, the first school of minia­ture-painters and book-copyists were quartered on the territory of the cathe­dral. The St. Sophia's Cathedral was the burial-vault of Kyiv Rus Princes as well. The sarcophagus of Yaroslav the Wise is located in it until now. Even today the St. Sophia's Cathedral is the ancient heart of Kyiv, though beating in harmony with the present.

The extensive international rela­tions along with the majestic cathedrals and palaces erected, as well as the unique incipient Kyiv monasteries became the evidences of Kyiv Rus prosperity during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise. The marriages of three Yaroslav's daughters, who married Kings of France, Norway and Hungary; the marriage of Vsevolod, the son of Yaroslav, to the Byzantine princess; the marriage of Yaroslav, Volodymyr Monomakh's grandson to the daughter of the English King testify to this.

The city kept on growing and flour­ishing almost a century after the death of Yaroslav the Wise. The Saxon chron­icler of the early XI century pointed out, "There are four hundred churches, eight markets and enormous crowds of peo­ple in the large city of Kyiv". Kyiv was one of the largest European cities indeed. Its population totalled to 50 thousand people. For reference: the .population of London equalled to 35 thousand people at that time, Paris population equalled to 100 thousand people, whereas that of Strasburg equalled to 20 thousand people.