John Wiley & Sons - 2004 - Analysis of Genes and Genomes

410 PROTEINS

A1.2

The α-helix and the β-sheet are common secondary structure protein elements. An α-helix from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae transcriptional activator protein Gcn4p. A β-sheet from concanavalin A. In each case, the views depicted show,

(A)all atoms of both the polypeptide backbone and the amino acid side chains,

(B)the residues of the polypeptide backbone only, and (C) a trace of the peptide backbone itself.

The a-helix

414 NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS

1989

Sidney Altman and Thomas R. Cech for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA (Chemistry)

J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes (Physiology or Medicine)

1987

Susumu Tonegawa for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity (Physiology or Medicine)

1985

Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism (Physiology or Medicine)

1984

Niels K. Jerne, Georges J. F. Kohler¨ and Cesar´ Milstein for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies (Physiology or Medicine)

1983

Barbara McClintock for her discovery of mobile genetic elements (Physiology or Medicine)

1982

Aaron Klug for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nuclei acid –protein complexes (Chemistry)

1980

Paul Berg for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant DNA.

Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids (Chemistry)

1978

Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics (Physiology or Medicine)

1975

David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard M. Temin for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell (Physiology or Medicine)

1972

Christian B. Anfinsen for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active confirmation.

Stanford Moore and William H. Stein for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule (Chemistry)

1969

Max Delbruck,¨ Alfred D. Hershey and Salvador E. Luria for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses (Physiology or Medicine)

1968

Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis. (Physiology or Medicine)

1966

Peyton Rous for his discovery of tumour inducing viruses (Physiology or Medicine)

1965

Francois¸ Jacob, Andre´ L. Woff and Jacoues Monod for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis (Physiology or Medicine)

1964

Dorothy C. Hodgkin for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances (Chemistry)

1962

Francis H. C. Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice H. F. Wilkins for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nuclear acids and its significance for information transfer in living material (Physiology or Medicine)

Max F. Perutz and John C. Kendrew for their studies of the structures of globular proteins (Chemistry)

416 NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS

1959

Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid (Physiology or Medicine)

1958

George W. Beadle and Edward L. Tatum for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events.

Joshua Lederberg for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria (Physiology or Medicine)

Frederick Sanger for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin (Chemistry)

1957

Alexander R. Todd for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes (Chemistry)

1954

Linus C. Pauling for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances (Chemistry)

1946

James B. Sumner for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized.

John H. Northrop and Wendell M. Stanley for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form (Chemistry)

Hermann J. Muller for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation (Physiology or Medicine)

1933

Thomas H. Morgan for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity (Physiology or Medicine)

1902

H. Emil Fischer for his work on sugar and purine syntheses (Chemistry)

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