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Future of Image Registration

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multiresolution approach for CT-MR registration using normalized mutual information. Before the registration starts, the background is segmented in both images using region-growing. Then we performed one of three binning techniques on the foreground details, while the background is put into one bin. Three binning techniques were investigated in this manner.

Our results have shown that all three approaches can reach a subvoxel accuracy with no loss of speed. The approach using the nonlinear binning technique shows improvement in accuracy and speed, compared to the other two binning techniques, since it can achieve less dispersion in the joint-histogram computation.

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References

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[2]Wells, W., Viola, P., Atsumi, H., Nakajima, S., and Kikinis, R., Multimodal volume registration by maximization of mutual information, Med. Image Anal., Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 35–51, 1996.

[3]Maes, F., Collignon, A., Vandermeulen, D., Marchal, G., and Suetens, P., Multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual information, IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 187–198, 1997.

[4]Maurer, C., Fitzpatrick, J., Wang, M., Galloway, R., Maciunas, R., and Allen, G., Registration of head volume images using implantable fiducial markers, Medical Imaging 1997: Image Processing, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3034, pp. 561–579, 1997.

[5]Gall, K., and Verhey, L., Computer-assisted positioning of radiotherapy patients using implanted radiopaque fiducials, Med. Phys., Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 1153–1159, 1993.

[6]Audette, M., Ferrie, F., and Peters, T., An algorithmic overview of surface registration techniques for medical imaging, Med. Image Anal., Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 201–217, 2000.

[7]Studholme, C., Hill, D., and Hawkes, D., Automated 3D registration of MR and PET brain images by multi-resolution optimization of voxel similarity measures, Med. Phys., Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 25–36, 1997.

[8]Maes, F., Vandermeulen, D., and Suetens, P., Comparative evaluation of multiresolution optimization strategies for multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual information, Med. Image Anal., Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 373–386, 1999.

[9]Pluim, J., Maintz, J., and Viergever, M., A multiscale approach to mutual information matching, Medical Imaging 1998: Image Processing, SPIE Vol. 3338, pp. 1334–1344, 1998.

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[10]Pluim, J., Maintz, J., and Viergever, M., Mutual information matching in multiresolution contexts, Image Vis. Comput., Vol. 19, No. 1–2,

pp.45–52, 2001.

[11]Collignon, A., Maes, F., Delaere, D., Vandermeulen, D., Suetens, P., and Marchal, G., Automated multimodality image registration using information theory, In: Information Processing in Medical Imaging (IPMI’95), Bizais, Y., Barillot, C., and Di Paola, R. eds. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 263– 274, 1995.

[12]Viola, P., Alignment by maximization of mutual information, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts Instiyute of Technology, 1995.

[13]Camp, J., and Robb, R., A novel binning method for improved accuracy and speed of volume image coregistration using normalized mutual information, In: Medical Imaging 1999: Image Processing Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3661, pp. 24–31, 1999.

[14]Castleman, K., Digital Image Processing, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1996.

[15]Gonzalez, R., and Woods, R., Digital Image Processing, 2nd edn., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2002.

[16]Lo, C., Guo, Y., and Lu, C., A binarization approach for CT-MR registration using normalized mutual information, In Proceedings of the 5th IASTED International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (SIP’03), pp. 496–501, 2003.

[17]Studholme, C., Hill, D., and Hawkes, D., An overlap invariant entropy measure of 3D medical image alignment, Pattern Recognition, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 71–86, 1999.

[18]Lehmann, T., Gonner, C., and Spitzer, K., Survey: Interpolation methods in medial image processing, IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging, Vol. 18, No. 11,

pp.1049–1075, 1999.

[19]Press, W., Flannery, B., Teukolsky, S., and Vetterling, W., Numerical Recipes in C: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1999.

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[20]NeIder, J., and Mead, R., Comput. J., Vol. 7, pp. 308–313, 1965.

[21]West, J., Fitzpatrick, J., Wang, M., Dawant, B., Maurer, C., Kessler, R., Maciunas, R., Barillot, C., Lemoine, D., Collignon, A., Maes, F., Suetens, P., Vandermeulen, D., vanden Elsen, P., Napel, S., Sumanaweera, T., Harkness, B., Hemler, P., Hill, D., Hawkes, D., Studholme, C., Maintz, J., Viergever, M., Malandin, G., Pennec, X., Noz, M., Maguire G., Pollack, M., Pelizzari, C., Robb, R., Hanson, D. and Woods, R., Comparison and evaluation of retrospective intermodality brain image registration techniques, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr., Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 554–566, 1997.

[22]Knops, Z., Maintz, J., Viergever, M., and Pluim, P., Normalized mutual information based registration using k-means clustering based histogram binning, in Medical Imaging 2003: Image Processing, Proc. SPIE, Vol. 5032, pp. 1072–1080, 2003.

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[26]http://www.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/image/registration

The Editors

Dr. Jasjit S. Suri received his BS in Computer Engineering with distinction from Maulana Azad College of Technology, Bhopal, India, his MS in Computer Sciences from University of Illinois, Chicago, and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from University of Washington, Seattle. He has been working in the field of Computer Engineering/Imaging Sciences for 20 years. He has published more than 125 technical papers in body imaging. He is a lifetime member of research engineering societies Tau-Beta-Pi, Eta-Kappa-Nu, and Sigma-Xi and a member of NY Academy of Sciences, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS), SPIE, ACM, and is also a Senior Member of IEEE. He is in the editorial board/reviewer of several international journals such as Real Time Imaging, Pattern Analysis and Applications, Engineering in Medicine and Biology, Radiology, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, IEEE Transactions of Information Technology in Biomedicine and IASTED Board.

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He has chaired image processing tracks at several international conferences and has given more than 40 international presentations/seminars. Dr. Suri has written four books in the area of body imaging (such as Cardiology, Neurology, Pathology, Mammography, Angiography, Atherosclerosis Imaging) covering Medical Image Segmentation, image and volume registration, and physics of medical imaging modalities like MRI, CT, X-ray, PET, and Ultrasound. He also holds several United States Patents. Dr. Suri has been listed in Who’s Who seven times, is a recipient of President’s Gold medal in 1980, and has received more than 50 scholarly and extracurricular awards during his career. He is also a Fellow of American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering (AIMBE) and ABI. Dr. Suri’s major interest are Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing (CVGIP), Object Oriented Programming, Image Guided Surgery, and Teleimaging. Dr. Suri had worked for Philips Medical Systems and Siemens Medical Research Divisions. He is also a Visiting Professor with Department of Computer Science, University of Exeter, Exeter, England. Currently, Dr. Suri is with JWT, Inc., as Director of Biomedical Engineering Division (in Opthalmology Imaging) in conjunction with Biomedical Imaging Laboratories, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland.

Dr. David Wilson is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Case Western Reserve University. He has research interests in image analysis, quantitative image quality, and molecular imaging, and he has a significant track record of federal research funding in these areas. He has over 60 refereed journal publications and has served as a reviewer for several leading journals. Professor Wilson has six patents and two pending patents in medical imaging. He has been active in the development of international conferences; he was Track Chair at the 2002 EMBS/BMES conference, and he was Technical Program Co-Chair for the 2004 IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging.

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Professor Wilson teaches courses in biomedical imaging and biomedical image processing and analysis. He has advised many graduate and undergraduate students, all of whom are quite exceptional, and has been primary research advisor for over 16 graduate students since starting his academic career. Prior to joining CWRU, he worked in X-ray imaging at Siemens Medical Systems at sites in New Jersey and Germany. He obtained his Ph.D. from Rice University. Professor Wilson has actively developed biomedical imaging at CWRU. He has led a faculty recruitment effort, and he has served as PI or has been an active leader on multiple research and equipment developmental awards to CWRU, including an NIH planning grant award for an In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center and an Ohio Wright Center of Innovation award. He can be reached at dlw@po.cwru.edu.

Dr. Swamy Laxminarayan currently serves as the Chief of Biomedical Information Engineering at the Idaho State University. Previous to this, he held several senior positions both in industry and academia. These have included serving as the Chief Information Officer at the National Louis University, Director of the Pharmaceutical and Health Care Information Services at NextGen Internet (the premier Internet organization that spun off from the NSF sponsored John von Neuman National Supercomputer Center in Princeton), Program Director of Biomedical Engineering and Research Computing and Program Director of Computational Biology at the University of Medicine and Dentistry in New Jersey, Vice-Chair of Advanced Medical Imaging Center, Director of Clinical Computing at the Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, Director of the VocalTec High Tech

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Corporate University in New Jersey, and the Director of the Bay Networks Authorized Center in Princeton. He has also served as an Adjunct Professor of Biomedical Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, a Clinical Associate Professor of Health Informatics, Visiting Professor at the University of Brno in Czech Republic, and an Honorary Professor of Health Sciences at Tsinghua University in China.

As an educator, researcher, and technologist, Prof. Laxminarayan has been involved in biomedical engineering and information technology applications in medicine and health care for over 25 years and has published over 250 scientific and technical articles in international journals, books, and conferences. His expertise are in the areas of biomedical information technology, high performance computing, digital signals and image processing, bioinformatics and physiological systems analysis. He is the coauthor of the book on State-of-the-Art PDE and Level Sets Algorithmic Approaches to Static and Motion Imagery Segmentation published by Kluwer Publications and the book on Angiography Imaging: State-of-the-Art Acquisition, Image Processing and Applications Using Magnetic Resonance, Computer Tomography, Ultrasound and X-ray, Emerging Mobile E-Health Systems, published by the CRC Pres and two volumes of the Handbook of Biomedical Imaging to be published by the Kluwer publications. He has also authored as the editor/coeditor of 20 international conferences and has served as a keynote speaker in international confrerences in 43 countries.

He is the Founding Editor-in-Chief and Editor Emeritus of the IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine. He served as an elected member of the administrative and executive committees in the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society and as the Society’s Vice President for 2 years. His other IEEE roles include his appointments as Program Chair and General Conference Chair of about 20 EMBS and other IEEE Conferences, an elected member of the IEEE Publications and Products Board, member of the IEEE Strategic Planning and Transnational Committees, Member of the IEEE Distinguished Lecture Series, Delegate to the IEEE USA Committee on Communications and Information Policy (CCIP), U.S. Delegate to the European Society for Engineering in Medicine, U.S. Delegate to the General Assembly of the IFMBE, IEEE Delegate to the Public Policy Commission and the Council of Societies of the AIMBE, Fellow of the AIMBE, Senior Member of IEEE, Life Member of Romanian Society of Clinical Engineering and Computing, Life Member Biomedical Engineering Society of India, and US Delegate to IFAC and IMEKO Councils in TC13. He was

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recently elected to the Administrative Board of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, a worldwide organization comprising 48 national members, overseeing global biomedical engineering activities. He was also elected to serve as the Publications Co-Chairman of the Federation.

His contributions to the discipline have earned him numerous national and international awards. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, a recipient of the IEEE 3rd Millennium Medal, a recipient of the Purkynje award from the Czech Academy of Medical Societies, a recipient of the Career Achievement Award, numerous outstanding accomplishment awards, and twice recipient of the IEEE EMBS distinguished service award. He can be reached at s.n.laxminarayan@ieee.org.

Index

AC-PC referential, 274, 276

Active contours, 48–55, 426. See also Deformable models; Geodesic active contours/deformable models; Geometric active contours/deformable models

gradient-based level set, 51–52 registering for multimodal segmentation,

69–70

Active deformation models (ADM), 455 Active shape model (ASM), 454 Advection term, 200

Affine registration

atlas-based segmentation and, 452, 455, 456–457

global, 313

nine degree-of-freedom algorithm, 443 Affine transformations, 6

CL-TPS image registration and, 235 global, 302

retinal image registration and, 158–160 AffineTransformOp, 159

Alzheimer’s disease, 72 Amodal contours, 56

Analysis of variance (ANOVA), 204, 207t, 211

Anatomical landmarks, 5

Anatomical structures, labeling of, 436 Aneurysms. See Brain aneurysms ANIMAL, 280

Aortic abdominal aneurysms, 190 Approximate nearest neighbors (ANN)

algorithm, 200 Artifacts, 458–459

Atherosclerotic aneurysms, 186 Atlas-based registration, 7–8, 342

elastic image registration and, 365, 376

electronic, 273–274

level set segmentation and, 63–65 Atlas-based segmentation, 435–474

with an average shape atlas, 449, 450f, 454–459, 466–467, 468

bias from structure shape, 463–465 bias from structure volume, 462–463

binary performance model for, 469, 470, 472 comparison of selection strategies,

465–467

concepts in, 435–437 fundamentals of, 439–449

image acquisition and processing, 437–438

with the most similar atlas, 449, 450f, 451–454, 466, 468–469

multilabel performance model, 469, 470–471, 472

with multiple atlases, 449, 450f, 459–460, 466–467, 468–472, 473

quantifying accuracy of, 460–467

with a single, individual atlas, 449, 450f, 451, 465–467, 468

Atlas image, 442, 443, 449 Atlas of Talairach, 274 Automatic registration, 6

Balloons method, 277 Bayesian-based regularizers, 57–58 Bayesian fractal prior, 354 Biharmonic equation, 278

Bilinear interpolation, 160–161, 162, 174, 176, 179

Binarization approach to binning, 541, 545, 546, 548–550

Binary classifier performance model, 469, 470, 472

561