Unit five

Grammar

1. Reported Speech.

2. Indirect Questions.

3. Word Formation.

Ex. 1. Read and memorize the following words:

To invent Item Purpose Occasionally To allow Ancestors To lead to

винаходити пункт, предмет, інформація ціль випадково дозволяти предки вести до

Impractical To replace Sailing ship To invest (money) Unless Owner Freight

непрактичний замінювати вітрильне судно інвестувати до тих пір, поки ні власник перевезення вантажів, фрахт

Ex.2. Read and memorize the following word combinations:

Previous inventions To have limited use Change the way we live To live in safety To be affected by To be powered by sails To make a profit To pull a load Large amounts of supplies To be profitable

Попередні винаходи Мати обмежене використання Змінювати спосіб життя Жити в безпеці Перебувати під впливом Приводитися в рух вітрилами Одержувати прибуток Перевозити вантаж Велика кількість запасів, постачання Бути прибутковим

Read and translate the text:

Inventions and inventors

If we wrote down the names of all the things people have invented since beginning of the world, we would have a very long list. We would find that most of these items are improvements on previous inventions. We would also see that many of them have limited use for a particular field or purpose.

Occasionally, however, there are inventions which change the way we live. Controlled fire and the wheel are two such inventions which allowed our ancestors to live a better life in safety. Agricultural tools invented about 10,000 years ago helped people learn to grow enough food to feed large populations. They actually led to the development of cities.

We don’t know about the inventors of fire and the wheel, but we can read about the people who invented other things which are important to our everyday lives. In one way or another, all of our lives are affected by their inventions.

For more than, 3,000 years, ships were powered by sails. Then in 1793, an American named Robert Fulton became interested in an idea which would mean the sailing ships. Many people knew how to build steamships, but they only ones they could build were small and impractical. No one truly believed that ships run by steam power would replace the beautiful and colorful sailing ships. They were wrong.

Fulton worked in France and England for a number of years, perfecting his ideas. Then in 1806, he returned to the United States and began to build the Clermont. It was an experiment to see if anyone could build a ship and operate it successfully as a business. Making money was the true test, since shipbuilders would not invest their money unless they knew that they could make a profit.

The Clermont was 130 feet long, 16 ½ feet wide and 4 feet deep. On August 11, 1807, the first commercial steam ship traveled up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. It made the round trip of 300 miles in 62 hours. That seems slow to us today, but 200 years ago it was a remarkable speed.

Thousands of people watched the event, and most realized immediately how important it was. Within a few years, there were steamships in most parts of the world. Only four years later, the first steamship crossed the Atlantic Ocean. From that time to the present, sails have been used only for pleasure and sporting boats.

Travel and transportation were changed when the steamship was invented, and they were changed even more when the locomotive was invented by George Stephenson in 1814.

Stephenson had seen something like a locomotive at a mine near his home in Killingworth, England. He liked the idea and decided that he could build a better one. He changed the tracks from wood to steel and made the locomotive much larger. He had some help from a mine owner, and by July 25, 1814, he was ready.

The Blucher went only 4 miles per hour, but it pulled a load of 30 tons of coal up a hill. It was only the beginning. Within eleven years, there were railroads all over England pulling large amounts of supplies and cargo in short spaces of time. On September 27, 1825, the first full passenger railroad went into operation. It had thirty cars and 300 passengers, and it traveled 15 miles per hour.

Stephenson’s railroad was efficient and profitable, and a new method of transporting freight and people was here to stay.

Ex. 3. Use each of the following terms in a sentence:

Previous, invention, agriculture, population, development, everyday lives, to be affected by, steamship, experiment, true test, commercial, remarkable, locomotive, railroad, cargo.

Ex. 4. Circle the term in the right column which has a SIMILAR meaning to the term on the left:

Example:invent destroy / / lose / remove

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Limited Ton Remarkable Improve Particular Powered Efficient Freight Experiment signal

Restricted/ free/ timely/ late 1,000/ 2,000/ 1/ 640 pounds Common/ unusual/ terrible/ perfect Invents/ experiment/ make bigger/ make better Specific/ unusual/ partial/ limited Sailed/ run/ steamed/ affected Sloppy/ fast/ effective/ profitable Weight/ railroads/ cargo/ wire Invention/ discovery/ phone/ test Telephone/ message/ telegraph/ radio

Ex. 5. Change the following sentences to the present perfect continuous tense:

Example: He sent us messages. (He has been sending us messages).

1. People’s inventions have changed the way we live.

2. Controlled fire has allowed us to live a better life.

3. We build sailing ships.

4. I work in England.

5. Steamships have crossed the ocean since 1811.

6. Railroads carried people and freight for years.

7. She worked on her invention for years.

8. Have you used the Morse Code to sent message?

9. I haven’t done any experiments.

10. Alex has called me every hour since six o’clock.

Ex. 6. a) Form adjectives by adding the suffix – al to the following words and translate them:

Tradition, architecture, agriculture, education, culture, music.

b) Complete the sentences and translate them:

1. This old building is in the centre of the city. The … part of the city is very old (architecture).

2. The exhibition shows the achievements of Ukraine in agriculture. This is an … exhibition (agriculture).

3. You’ll enjoy the music of this film. It’s a very good … film (music).

Ex. 7. Rewrite the sentences, changing the direct speech into reported (indirect) speed:

1. Tom said, “New York is more lively than London”.

2. She said, “I have been working at this plant for 20 years”.

3. “He has called twice”, she said.

4. “I’ll see you on Monday”, Bob said to Zya.

5. “I can’t help you”, Kazen said to Mary.

6. “I was delighted to see such a rare animal”, said Tom.

7. “I have never been taught how to use a computer”, said Mr.Ivanov.

Ex. 8. Rewrite the questions in reported speech as in the example:

“Who sent the e-mail message? Sally” asked Jon.

Sally asked Jon who had sent the e-mail message.

1. “Where does he live?” Sue asked.

2. “Can you help me find something on the Internet, please?” Jo asked me.

3. She said, “Have you read the morning paper?”

4. The engineer asked him “Why have you stopped the lathe?”

5. He asked me, “Who has come?”

Ex. 9. Translate into English:

1. Лектор сказав, що людські винаходи змінили наш спосіб життя.

2. Він запитав колегу, скільки років він працював над цим приладом.

3. Вони сказали, що використовували код Морзе щоб посилати повідомлення.

4. Хлопець сказав, що він ніколи раніше не бачив комп’ютера.

5. Ми знали, що перша станція метро в цьому місті була відкрита в 1961 році.

6. Вона сказала, що не буде приймати участь у цієї конференції.

Ex. 10. Put the verbs in brackets into the Present Simple of the Present Continuous:

1. They … (work) on an important project at the moment.

2. I … (see) Tom tomorrow after work.

3. This shop … (sell) rare books.

4. Sue … (know) a lot about computers.

5. A lot of tourists … (visit) Kyiv at this time of year.

6. It … (cost) a lot of money to fly to Australia.

7. He …(drive) to work every day.

Ex. 11. Read the sentences and fill in the correct adjective describing qualifies certain professions need:

Persuasive

Patient

Polite

Friendly

1. Salespeople need to be … to get people to buy their product.

2. Receptionist should be … in order to make people feel welcome.

3. A shop assistant has to be … even when dealing with a rude customer.

4. Teachers must to be very … as students sometimes take a long time to learn things.

Ex. 12. Answer the questions:

1. When were the first agricultural tools invented?

2. Who was Robert Fulton?

3. When did Fulton become interested in steamships?

4. What was the Clermont? How big was it?

5. When did the Clermont leave New York City for the first time?

6. How fast did the Clermont travel?

7. Who was George Stephenson?

8. What was the name of the first locomotive?

9. What were railroad cars able to pull?

10. What happened in September 1825?