Unit four

Grammar

1. Revision of the Tenses

2. Past Participle (Participle II).

3. Word Formation

Ex.1. Read and memorize the following words:

To revolve For certain To measure Messenger To complete To rotate Axis Slowness To mean To face

обертатися упевнено вимірювати посланець, провісник закінчувати, переміщуватися обертатися по колу вісь не швидкість, уповільненість означати бути поверненим, (у певний бік)

Brightness Goddess of love and beauty To observe Definite To suggest Amazingly To imagine Tofit

яскравість, блиск богиня кохання та краси спостерігати визначений, певний пропонувати дивовижно, дивно уявляти собі пристосовувати, відповідати (чомусь)

Ex. 2. Read and memorize the following words:

Solar system	сонячна система
Complicated system	складна система
To be away from the sun	бути далеко від Сонця
To be about the same size as …	бути таким самим по розміру
Tonameafter	давати ім’я на честь
To be appropriate	бути відповідним, доречним
A lot of room left	багато зайвого місця
To revolve round (about) its axis	обертатися навколо своєї осі

Read and translate the text:

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Earth is one nine planets which revolve around the sun. This family of planets, with their moons, is known as the solar system. Since we live on Earth, we think it is the most important planet. But the other planets are also interesting. Some are smaller than Earth, some larger; some are hotter, some colder. Each one is different from all the others and has something special about it.

No one knows for certain how the solar system began. We do know a lot about the planets, however, from the science of astronomy. Astronomers have studied the planets and other objects in space for thousands of years. Astronomy is a very complicated science. We look at the other planets to study them, but the planet we are on is moving all the time. Computers have helped us in the past twenty or thirty years. The satellites we send into space to measure and take pictures also tell a lot about the planets and help us to understand them.

Mercury is the closest planet to the sun. It is also the smallest and fastest planet. The speed of the planet gave it its name: Mercury was the rapid messenger of the Roman gods. Mercury completes its orbit around the sun in only 88 days, while Earth’s orbit takes 365 ¼ days. A day on Mercury, however, is much longer than a day on Earth. Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours. Mercury rotates on its axis once every 59 days.

Astronomers don’t know why Mercury rotates so slowly, but they do know that this slowness means there is a lot of heat and cold. The side of Mercury which faces the sun is 350 degrees Celsius. The side which is away from the sun is dark and cold. At 170 degrees below zero Celsius, it is probably the coldest place in the solar system.

Venus is the second planet in distance from the sun. It is about the same size as Earth, and it comes closer to Earth than any other planet. Next to the sun and the moon, Venus is the easiest object in the sky to see. People of ancient times loved its brightness and beauty so much that they named it after the Roman goddess of love and beauty.

Venus revolves around the sun once every 225 days and rotates on its axis once every 244 days. Information from telescopes and satellites tells us that the planet is very hot. The temperature is usually between 300 and 675 degrees Celsius. We can observe both Venus and Mercury either in the evening or early in the morning just before the sun rises.

Mars is called the red planet because it has a definite red-orange color. It is the fourth farthest planet from the sun. A day on Mars is only about 40 minutes longer than a day on Earth, but a year lasts 687 days. The planet was named after the Roman god of war.

For many years, people believed that there was life on Mars, but we now know that there probably isn’t. The Mariner space program sent many satellites to Mars. We have excellent photos and information on this neighbor planet and nothing suggests that there is any life there.

The fifth planet from the sun is also the largest of all the planets, Jupiter. Jupiter revolves around the sun once every 12 years, yet its day is amazingly short. It rotation, or its day, is only about 10 hours long. This is the fastest rotation – the shortest day – of any of the planets.

The planet’s name is appropriate, since Jupiter was the supreme Roman god – the king of all the other gods. If you can imagine Jupiter as a hollow ball, all of the other planets would fit inside and there would still be a lot of room left. Jupiter has fourteen moons, the largest number of any planet.

Ex. 3. a) Form new words adding the suffix “–ful”, “or “– less” translate them:

Power + ful = powerful

Peace, truth, use, thank, watch, beauty, success, doubt, hope, colour.

b) Complete the sentences with a newly formed word:

1. “What a bright colour!” – Yes, the advertisement looks …, doesn’t it (colour)?

2. The children played under the … eyes of their teacher (watch).

3. Most of the students are making good progress, but Michael is a …case (hope).

4. It’s … if this painting is a Picasso (doubt).

5. She tried to work, but it was … (use).

Ex. 4. Use each of the following terms in a sentence:

To revolve, moon, to be known as, solar system, smaller than, larger than, different from, astronomy, to take a picture, to rotate, Celsius, closer to, just before, to last, appropriate.

Ex. 5. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word:

Example : Adjective Adverb Noun

Beautiful beautifully beauty

1.	Slow____________	________________	________________
2.	________________	brightly	________________
3.	________________	________________	interest__________
4.	________________	________________	difference________
5.	________________	occasionally______	________________
6.	________________	amazingly________	________________
7.	Clear____________	________________	________________
8.	Close____________	________________	________________
9.	________________	________________	quickness________
10.	________________	________________	coldness_________

Ex. 6. Circle the term in the right column that has a SIMILAR meaning to the term on the left:

Example : near far / / short / farther

1. rotate 2. most distant 3. sometimes 4. unusual 5. of the sun 6.observe 7. figure out 8. I billion 9. one of the Greek gods 10.rapid

Move / revolve / discover / believe Closest / nearest / coldest / farthest Never / always / occasionally / usually Clever / odd / certain / normal Planetary / lunar / starry / solar Discover / understand / watch / discuss Calculate / lose / come /suppose 1,000/ 100,000/ 1,000,000/ 1, 000, 000,000 Mars / Jupiter / Neptune/ Uranus Slow / fast / far / long

Ex. 7. Translate these sentences, underline the Participle II and define the function:

1. The price of compressors quoted by the firm is very high.

2. I believe the machine-tool advertised by Brown and Sons will be in great demand on the market.

3. The goods ordered under Contrast No. 12/1418 arrived with a two weeks’ delay.

4. The defects found by the inspectors are to be eliminated as soon as possible.

5. The required samples will be sent to-morrow.

6. The goods offered by the firm are of high quality.

7. We are satisfied with the transaction concluded between our firms.

Ex. 8. Use Past Participles instead of attributive clauses:

1. The book which was translated by a friend of mine is very interesting.

2. Our price-list which is enclosed with the letter gives all particulars concerning terms of payment and delivery.

3. The blocks of houses which were built in the new districts of Kyiv are nice and comfortable.

4. The progress which is achieved by our chemical industry is wonderful.

5. Every body likes pictures which are painted by Repin, the famous Russian artist.

6. Did you take part in the talks which were held just week?

Ex. 9. Out the verbs in brackets into the past simple of the past continuous:

1. It was cold on Sunday night, so we (light) a fire.

2. I met Ann while I (do) the shopping.

3. He (read) a book when the lights went out.

4. They (clean) the house when he called.

5. She (break) the computer when she tried to move it.

6. The man (wear) an expensive suit and had a beard and moustache.

Ex. 10. Use the dictionary and translate into English:

1. ЇЇ тут зараз не має, вона вдома.

2. Його не було вчора ввечері вдома.

3. Він один з кращих лікарів цієї лікарні.

4. Вона повинна бути там завтра.

5. Його брат інженер, він був у відрядженні один місяць.

6. Він буде радий зустрітися з вами.

Ex. 11. Fill in the gaps with Who, which, whose, who’s, that:

1. She prefers casual clothes … show off her natural beauty.

2. The film … is on at the Kyiv-Rus is a box office hit.

3. That is the man … bag was stolen on the train.

4. Janet, … father is a doctor, is a friend of mine.

5. That’s Ivan … got a Mercedes.

6. Steve is planning to visit his friend … lives in Africa.

Ex. 12. Answer the questions:

1. What is the solar system? How did it begin?

2. What does an astronomer do?

3. Which is the smallest planet? The fastest?

4. How do we measure how long a planet’s year is? How do we measure a planet’s day?

5. How hot is one side of Mercury? How cold is the other side? Why are these temperatures so different?

6. Which planet comes the closest to Earth?

7. How long is a year on Venus? A day?

8. Why is Mars called the red planet? Whom was Mars named for?

9. Which is the largest planet? How large is it?

10. How long is a day on Jupiter? Is this unusual?