3. Выпишите из текста соответствующие термины и заполните табл.2. Термины переведите.

Таблица 2

Flight Control Surfaces
Primary Group	Secondary Group	Auxiliary Group

2.3. Text aircraft structure

The principal structural units of an acft consist of the fuselage, wings, flight control surfaces and undercarriage or landing gear.

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Рис.2. Principal structural units of the F-16:

1 - nose section - носовой отсек; 2 - canopy - фонарь (кабины); 3 - fuselage forward section - передний отсек фюзеляжа; 4 - slat - предкрылок; 5 - aileron - элерон; 6 – flap - закрылок; 7 - fuselage aft section - хвостовой отсек фюзеляжа; 8 - all-movable stabilizer - управляемый стабилизатор; 9 - vertical stabilizer - киль, вертикальный стабилизатор; 10 - rudder - руль направления; 11 - trailing edge задняя кромка; 12 - wing tip - законцовка крыла; 13 - wing - крыло; 14 - leading edge - передняя кромка, носок крыла; 15 - landing gear - шасси; 16 - cockpit - кабина летчика

Fuselage

The fus is the main structure of an acft which houses the crew, and sometimes the armament and the power plant. The tail surfaces or empennage and landing gear are attached to it. The fus also contains the pilot cockpit with a canopy.

Regardless of the attitude of an acft, there are always stresses on the fus structure. It must be constructed to withstand all such stresses. Detail design depends upon the function and structural requirements to the acft.

Wings

The wings are designed to develop the major portion of the lift of a HTA acft. Wing const is similar in most modern acft. The wing is a framework composed chiefly of spars and ribs covered with metal.

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Рис. 3. Wing construction:

1 - spar - лонжерон; 2 - rib - нервюра; 3 - stringer - стрингер

The spars are the main structural members of the wing, extending from the fus to the tip. All the load that is carried by the wing is ultimately taken up by the spars. Ribs give the wing section its shape and also transmit the airload from the wing covering to the spars. They extend from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the wing.

A complete wing assembly consists of the surface providing lift for the spt of the acft, together with the nec flight control surfaces.

Flight Control Surfaces

The flight control surfaces are movable airfoils designed to change the attitude of the acft during flt. These surs may be divided into three groups usually referred to as the primary group, secondary group and auxiliary group.

The primary gp includes the ailerons, elevators and rudder. The ailerons are attached to the trailing edge of the wings and control the rolling motion of the acft. The elevators, attached to the horizontal stabilizer, control the climb or descent (pitching motion). The rudder, attached to the vert stblz, determines the horiz dir of flt (yawing motion).

The ailerons and elevators are generally operated from the cockpit by a control stick or by wheel and yoke assembly. The rudder is operated by foot pedals.

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Рис. 4. Principal maneuvers of the aircraft:

1 - pitching motion - движение тангажа; 2 - lateral axis - поперечная ось; 3 - yawing motion - движение рыскания; 4 - vertical axis- вертикальная ось; 5 - longitudinal axis- продольная ось; 6 - rolling motion - движение крена

Included in the secd gp are the trim tabs and spring tabs. Trim tabs are small airfoils recessed into the trailing edges of the prim con surs. The purpose of trim tabs is to enable the pilot to trim out any unbalanced condition which may exist during flight, without exerting any pressure on the prim controls. Each trim tab is hinged to its parent prim con sur, but operated by an independent control. The purpose of spring tabs is to aid the plt in moving the prim con surs.

Included in the auxiliary gp of flt con surs are the wing flaps, spoilers, speed brakes and slats.

Wing flaps are used to give the acft extra lift and are hinged to the trailing or leading edge of the wing.

Spoilers are for the purpose of decreasing wing lift. They are long narrow surs, hinged at their leading edges to the upper sur of the wings.

Speed brakes are hinged surs used for slowing down the speed of an acft and attached to the wings. On some acft they are hinged to the lower sur of the fus.

Slats are movable control surs attached to the leading edges of the wings. When the slat is extended forward, a slot is created between the slat and the leading edge. At low airspeeds this increases lift and improves handling chars.