Сообщение на тему: "Petroleum (crude oils)"

Petroleum is the name of the mineral that comes from the ground and from which various fuels are obtained. It is the crude oil that comes from the wells. The word “petroleum” comes from the Latin word Petra, meaning rock, and Oleum, meaning oil.

Petroleum is а very complex mixture of hydrocarbons. It contains: paraffine hydrocarbons, some naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are also compounds that contain oxygen, sulphur and nitrogen. The principle compounds in petroleum are paraffines, naphthenes, aromatic and asphaltic materials.

The nature of hydrocarbons depends on the origin of petroleum. Crude oils are brownish – green to black liquids. Crude oils contain many individual compounds: from light gases to heavy asphaltic materials. Petroleum as it comes from the ground is of little value.

Crude oil finds practical application when it is separated into fractions. The process of making crude oil into articles of commerce is cal1ed refining. The earliest method of refining was distillation. The value of petroleum depends on its gasoline, distillate-fuel and lubricating oil contents.

Words and word combinations

complex mixture – сложная смесь

paraffine hydrocarbons – углеводороды парафинового ряда

oxygen – кислород

sulphur – сера

nitrogen – азот

naphthenes – нафтены

origin– происхождение

lightgas– легкий газ

practicalapplication– практическое применение

tobeoflittlevalue– не представлять большой ценности

refining – очистка

articles of commerce – товарный продукт

distillate-fuel – дистилятное топливо

lubricating oil – смазочное масло

to contain – содержать

compounds – соединения

to depend on – зависеть от

liquid – жидкость

heavy – тяжелый

value – ценность

to separate – разделять

content – содержание

Lesson Twelve (The Twelfth Lesson)

1. Text “The Orenburg region of Russia”. 2. Words and word combinations. 3. Grammar: The Gerund (Герундий) 4. Grammar and lexical exercises.

Text “The Orenburg region of Russia”.

The Orenburg region stretches 750 km along the Ural Mountains from the source of the Tobol almost reaching the Volga. Owing to its favourable geographical location along the border between Europe and Asia, it is connected with the central regions of the country and also with Siberia, Central Asia, theUrals and the Far East.

Administrative centre is Orenburg. Orenburg was founded in 1743. Orenburg's position as a fortress on the way to Asia gave the city many privileges, especially for merchants. Now the Orenburg region is again a border region and a trading centre between Europe and Central Asia.

The Orenburg region is one of Russia's leading producers of oil and gas, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, machinery and agricultural products.

It has a well developed transportation network. Two large airports function in Orenburg and Orsk; international flights to Europe depart out of Orenburg.

The Orenburg region has a developed and technically well-equipped power generating system.

The Orenburg region is one of the few areas in Russia where mineral deposits are found in good combinations and sufficient quantities: gas, oil, brown coal, oil shale, ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metals, rock-salt, limestone, jasper, marble and mineral water.

Apart from natural sources of mineral raw materials there are large reserves of wastes accumulated by mines and metallurgical works which can be used not only as building materials but also as sources of noble, non-ferrous and rare metals and other products. There is one more factor of a decided practical and environmental significance – the possibility of obtaining chemicals (sulphuric acid, sulphur, etc.) from metallurgical plants waste gases.

The Orenburg region is famous for its powerful fuel complex, combining gas and oil processing capacities, coal industry, electro-energy, oil and gas pipelines, variety of plants and works. A large gas and chemical complex operates on the unique Orenburg gas condensate field. Its gas is distinguished for its multycomponent composition including ethane, butane, propane, sulphur, helium and condensate which makes it usable as both an energy source and a valuable chemical raw material. The Orenburg gas complex is the biggest in Europe in processing hydrogen sulfide and it produces dry gas, stable gas condensate, liquid gas, propane-butane fraction, light hydrocarbon wide fraction, helium and odorant. These products are piped to many countries.

The Orenburg oil processing industry, processing exclusively local oil, produces petrol, diesel oil, diesel fuel, lubricants, bituminous oil and other products. It should be noted that ferrous metallurgy represented by the joint-stock company NOSTA produces high-quality metal for oil and gas pipes. Combustible mineral resources such as gas, oil, brown coal, oil shale and asphaltite and their industrial exploitation are highly important to the region's economy.