Grammar and lexical exercises.

1. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

natural gas; atomic energy; geologic past; the two main groups of rocks; the different categories of solid fuels; the basis of practically all natural fuels; the small amount of other elements; to be associated with water and gas; porous sedimentary rocks; geological formations; the most efficient fuel and raw materials; gaseous fuel; high thermal efficiency; to be derived from petroleum.

2.Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. Coal, water power and atomic energy are the only sources of energy available to man today.

2. Coal, wood and peat represent natural group of solid fuels.

3. As а rule fossil fuels are found in sedimentary rocks.

4. Crude oil is widely used for producing solid fuels.

5. Petroleum can be found in porous sedimentary rocks.

6. Gas is used to produce synthetic materia1s.

7. Not all types of fossil fuels burn.

3. А) Назовите, в каких предложениях употреблен герундий. Укажите определяющие его признаки:

1. Charcoal is used for producing high grades of cast iron.

2. Coke is formed in the process of heating certain grades of coal in the absence of air.

З. New concentration plants have been built for the processing of non-ferrous and ferrous metals.

4. Many minerals undergo changes by taking water in their molecule.

5. The form of а mineral body is taken into consideration in selecting the method of mining.

6. In prospecting for useful minerals, aerial photography will plау an important part.

7. Using modern mining equipment allowed the miners to increase the output of coal.

8. The training of mining specialists now takes plасе in proximity to industrial enterprises.

9. It is difficult to understand the nature of fossils without studying their origin.

б) Найдите в тексте предложения, в которых употреблен герундий.

Переведите предложения.

4. Переведите предложения, используя следующие слова и сочетания слов:

to be of great importance; to be the basis for; the national economy; to represent; there is; to manufacture; gaseous

1. Уголь, нефть и природный газ – старейшие источники энергии. Они представляют собой горючее топливо органического происхождения.

2. Есть (существует) жидкое, твердое и газообразное топливо.

3. Уголь – сырье для получения кокса.

4. Сырая нефть является основой для изготовления промышленного жидкого топлива.

5. Использование природного газа имеет большое значение для народного хозяйства страны.

5. Закончите предложения подходящими по смыслу словами из текста а:

1. As for the origin of fossil fuels they have been formed by… .

2. According to the latest information the main sources of energy are … .

З. As is known fossil fuels are mostly associated with ... .

4. As far as petroleum is concerned, it can be found in ... .

5. Generally speaking, all types of fuel are important ... .

6. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста а. Используйте предлагаемые разговорные формулы:

as is known; to my mind; in my opinion; on the contrary; as for ...; I'd like to say that ...; it seems to be wrong; I can't agree with you.

1. The meaning of the term fossil is unknown.

2. Fossil fuels may be found only in sedimentary rocks.

З. Coke represents natural solid fuel.

4. Petroleum contains only hydrocarbons.

5. Gas is not so convenient type of fuel as coal.

7. Расскажите коротко (6-8 предложений) о разных видах топлива и других источниках энергии в промышленности и в быту в вашем городе/районе/республике. Используйте известные вам разговорные формулы.

Text: "How are Oil and Gas Formed?”

Knowledge of geology is the basis for all oil and gas exploration. In general four conditions must be fulfilled before oil and gas pools can form. There must be:

• source rocks where oil or gas is generated

• reservoir rocks where they can accumulate

• cap rocks to seal off reservoir rocks and stop further upward migration of the oil and gas, and traps, a geological structure in which hydrocarbons accumulate to from an oil or gas field.

It should be noted that the generation of oil is affected by a number of factors.

The formation of oil and gas from remains of plants and animals took million of years. Clays mixed with these organic remains were first deposited as mud on the sea floor. Later, several thousand meters of clays and sands were deposited over the organic mud, depressing these rich muds deeper into the subsurface. The deeper it was buried, the greater the pressure and temperature. As time went by the increased temperature partly transformed the organic matter to oil and gas. The organic mud was compressed by the weight of the overlying rocks. Sands however, cannot be compressed to any great extent. Water, oil and gas were squeezed out of the mud and into the pores between the grains of sand. Oil and gas, being lighter than water, moved up through the pores until they were trapped by tight layers of compressed clays. On the sea floor sand and clay layers are usually deposited horizontally, one layer is followed by the other. Therefore, any major accumulation of oil and gas is dependent on "traps". Thus, a trap is referred to as a subsurface structure where oil or gas can be (found) looked for.

Выберите правильный вариант ответа на вопросы:

1. What must be fulfilled before oil and gas pools can form?

a. There must be: source rock, cap rocks and traps.

b. There must be: reservoir rock, source rock, sedimentary rock and cap rock.

c. There must be: source rock, reservoir rock, cap rocks and traps.

d. There must be: traps, cap rocks, igneous and metamorphic rocks.

2. What was first deposited as mud on the sea floor?

a. Sands mixed with these remains were first deposited as mud on the sea floor.

b. Organic materials were first deposited as mud on the sea floor.

c. Debris and dust were first deposited as mud on the sea floor.

d. Clays mixed with these organic remains were first deposited as mud on the sea floor.

3. What was the organic mud compressed by?

a. The organic mud was compressed by the power of the overlying rocks.

b. The organic mud was compressed by the weight of the sedimentary rocks.

c. The organic mud was compressed by the weight of the overlying rocks.

d. The organic mud was compressed by the molecular weights of the overlying rocks.

4. How are sand and clay layers deposited on the floor?

a. Sand and clay layers are deposited vertically.

b. On the sea floor sand and clay layers are usually deposited horizontally.

c. Sand and clay layers are deposited straight on the sea floor.

d. On the sea floor sand and clay layers are deposited one after the other.

5. What is trap referred to?

a. A trap is referred to as hydrocarbon structure.

b. A trap is referred to as a sea floor structure.

c. A trap is referred to as a geological structure.

d. A trap is referred to as a subsurface structure.