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treatment option for osteoporosis and increase the concern about their long-term safety.
Medications with novel natural supplements to treat osteoporosis can be expected soon as
an appropriate treatment line for osteoporosis. However, appropriate and detailed clinical
studies with effective human trail are needed to be verified with proper and elaborated
studies.
KEYWORDS
• traditional Chinese medicine
• RANKL
• antiosteoporotic
• ACN
• alkaloids
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CHAPTER 19
Gel-Based Natural Therapeutics: Potential Alternatives to Traditional Drug Delivery Systems in Aquaculture
SUPARNA DEB1, BHAVESH CHOUDHARY1*, JHAM LAL2, PRADYUT BISWAS1,
SOIBAM KHOGEN SINGH
1
2
3
ABSTRACT
Fish health management is of utmost importance in aquaculture systems to ensure
optimal growth and productivity. Effective drug delivery methods play vital roles in
maintaining the well-being of fish populations. Traditional methods including oral
administration of drugs or immersion in medicated baths often face challenges such
as low bioavailability, unpredictable dosage, and stress-induced reactions in fish. To
address these issues, gel feed has emerged as a promising alternative for drug delivery
in fish populations. Gel feed is a specially formulated feed containing therapeutic agents
embedded in a gel matrix. It enhances the feed formulations for aquatic animals, particularly those accommodated in aquariums. Gel allows accurate dosing, as the medication
concentration in the gel can be precisely controlled, ensuring consistent therapeutic
levels. Fish can consume the gel feed naturally, resulting in reduced disturbance and
improved acceptance compared to other delivery routes. Gel feed has shown promising
results in disease treatment, parasite control, and nutritional supplementation. It offers
flexibility in the choice of medications and allows for customization based on specific
fish species, size, and health conditions. However, further research is needed to optimize gel formulations, assess their long-term effects on fish health, and evaluate their
environmental impact.
3
, and GUSHEINZED WAIKHOM
1
*Corresponding author
480
19.1 INTRODUCTION
Aquaculture, the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants, has
experienced considerable growth in recent years to meet the escalating worldwide demand for
seafood. The term “farming” suggests some type of intervention in the breeding and rearing
process to boost and expand output, such as routine stocking, feeding, predator shielding,
water quality enhancement, and improvement of animal health conditions, including
prophylactic and therapeutic activities. However, the intensification of aquaculture practices
has brought about various health challenges for cultured organisms, including diseases,
parasites, and stress-related issues (Choudhary et al., 2025). Effective drug delivery systems
(DDSs) are crucial in mitigating these challenges and maintaining the health and well-being
of aquaculture species. Conventional methods of drug administration in aquaculture, such
as medicated feed, immersion baths, and injections, have limitations that can hinder their
efficacy. These limitations include imprecise dosage control, uneven distribution of drugs,
poor bioavailability, and potential negative impacts on the environment. Therefore, there
is a necessity for innovative DDSs that can address these challenges and provide more
efficient and targeted administration of pharmaceuticals in aquaculture settings. Gel-based
DDSs have emerged as a promising solution for effective drug delivery in aquaculture.
These systems involve encapsulating drugs within a gel matrix that can be incorporated into
feed pellets. The gel matrix acts as a controlled-release mechanism, allowing for sustained
and controlled drug release over an extended period. This approach enhances drug efficacy,
improves bioavailability, and enables targeted delivery to aquatic organisms. This chapter
aims to explore the principles and benefits of gel-based DDSs in aquaculture.
Aquaculture’s main goal is to raise plants and animals for human utilization. Aquaculture
is the farming of both plants and animals, including crustaceans, sh, mollusks, amphibians,
reptiles, seaweed, and algae, in a natural or controlled environment. Freshwater, coastal, and
marine habitats, such as inland ponds, tanks, reservoirs, rivers, lakes, estuaries, bays, fjords,
and the open ocean, are all suitable for aquaculture, similar to all other living species. Fish
are susceptible to a variety of diseases, some of which are infectious. Infectious diseases are a
consciously present challenge in aquaculture and can lead to economic losses and animal welfare
problems. Fish in aquaculture can become infected with viruses, microorganisms such as fungi
and bacteria, or internal and external parasites (Choudhary et al., 2025). Many diseases are
now coupled with aquaculture species, and new diseases are frequently epidemic. In addition,
disease outbreaks can be exacerbated in aquaculture operations due to the close accessibility
of animals, high population densities, frequently changing environmental situation, and other
factors. The most common reasons to apply aquaculture drugs in aquaculture are:
• to treat, manage, or prevent infection, parasites,
• to affect reproduction and growth, to offer sedation (e.g., for handling, weighing,
harvesting), and
• to mark the skeleton of fish larva, fry, and fingerlings.
19.2 DDS
A DDS is culpable for the action and profile of a drug’ s concentration, drug release kinetics,
location and duration of action, and ultimately for the prevention of undesirable side effects
481
of a drug. Therefore, the role of an optimal DDS is to ensure that the drug is available
at the site of action at a particular time and within the required timeframe. This vital
function is related to the rate of administration, the rate of drug release, and the route of
administration (Perrie and Rades, 2012). In other words, DDSs are similar to a bridge
between the animal and the drug. Sometimes a drug formulation is provided for regulatory
purposes, or perhaps different mechanisms or devices are used to provide a fixed formulation (Jain, 2008). This section emphasizes the different DDSs in fish.
19.2.1 WATER MEDICATION
The primary method used to traditionally deliver treatment to fish was through medicating
the water that the fish exist in. Only one thing is needed that the user has skills of how much
water is required to mix the particular concentration of drug. The perfect measurement
of the drug and taking care to ensure that it is evenly dispersed in the water are the sole
abilities required from the end user.
There are two unique reasons why drugs are added to water. The rst and most apparent
reason is to ensure that the drugs are absorbed by the sh and therefore treated it; the
second reason is for removing harmful free-living microbes and their spreadable phases of
infections.
Benets: In addition to being simple, water treatment has the advantages of being suf-
ciently adaptable to be used for mass-medicating large quantities of shes. Additionally,
unlike in-feed treatments, it is not dependent on sh ingestion and may be used on sick sh
as well as sh that are not fed.
Drawbacks:
• It is a costly technique. Only cheap medications can be afforded.
• It is unhealthy for the environment. The dose’s unabsorbed portion will reach the
environment and ultimately go to a higher trophic level as well as the pure form or
degraded products.
Preparing a small amount of medicated water must be done in a container different from
the one holding the fish. In most cases, fish are kept in nets, submerged in them for a
brief period of time, and then released back into their natural surroundings. To minimize
chemical and temperature stress, it is best to use water from a fish tank or pond for the
treatment process. It might be necessary to use an aerator to artificially aerate the medicinal
water, depending on the quantity and size of the fish and the compound makeup of the drug.
Flushing, or a California flush, as the procedure is commonly known, can be used to create
immersion if fish are kept in running water that is not recirculated, such as in a raceway.
This entails stopping the flow , medicating the water , and then restarting the flow to remove
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the medicated water after a certain amount of time. The result is a quick increase in the
drug concentration in the water and a gradual decrease. Compared to dipping, flushing is
more wasteful and, as a result, more environmentally damaging; additionally, it may be
challenging to achieve a uniform dispersion of the medication in the water.
Depending on the dosage of the drug or chemical employed and the types of pathogens being
fought, there are numerous types of baths that can be used as treatments (Doggrell, 2012).
The bathing method must be used when large fish or large numbers need to be treated
because the above-described dipping method is unsuitable. Fish are retained in their natural
habitat during bathing as opposed to dipping. Aside from changes in scale, it also varies
from medicating aquarium water in that it only exposes fish to the medication for a short
period of time—never longer than 60 min. Bath treatment is labor- and resource intensive.
It also pollutes the environment.
Control of bacterial and parasitic stages of infection can be achieved by suspending bags
or baskets containing easy disinfectants in water. Typical compounds used are bleach in
baskets for bacteria and copper or ferrous sulfate in sachets for protozoa. There is no control
over the concentration, but if the basket concentration is too high, the fish will voluntarily
move away . This technology has been used in pond farming for fish such as Chinese perch
and silver carp in China.
19.3 ORAL ADMINISTRATION
Oral administration can save much time and effort when used in treatment and in hatcheries
and ponds where large numbers of fish are involved. Medicated feeds are widely used
for the prophylactic control of systemic infections and to stimulate the growth of feeding
fish. However, there are major limitations that should not be overlooked or underestimated
when taken orally (Turner et al., 201 1; Rosas-Ledesma et al., 2012). Medicated food in the
form of floating or sinking pellets is thrown to the surface in a process called broadcast
feeding. The result is an unequal distribution of food between fish species, as weaker or
less aggressive fish will receive little or no medication, while healthy and aggressive fish
may be overdosed when the drug is delivered.
19.3.1 GAVAGE
Gavage is the oral form that is widely applied in laboratory work as the correct dose can
be investigated. It is not often used in regular fish overseeing, as it is labor exhaustive and
anxious for the fish. This method uses a gut tube, which is attached to a syringe containing