BGC biosynthetic gene cluster BHL Biodiversity Heritage Library BHT butylated hydroxytoluene BMD bone mineral density BMM bone marrow macrophage BRENDA BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase C3G cyanidin-3-glucoside CAC colitis associated cancer CAN central nervous system CAS chemical abstracts service

IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature JNK Jun N-terminal kinase KF kahalalide F LAMP loop-mediated isothermal amplification LMOs living modified organisms LPS lipopolysaccharides MAbs monoclonal antibodies MAE microwave-assisted extraction MAP mitogen-activated protein MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase MARV Marburg virus MD molecular distillation MDR multidrug resistant MEEP macerated ethanolic extract of Indian propolis MF membrane filtration (MF) MIC minimal inhibitory concentrations MM multiple myeloma MMC mitomycin C MMPs matrix metalloproteinases MNPD marine natural products database MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MS mass spectrometry MSCs mesenchymal stem cells MSSA methicillin susceptible S. aureus NA nutrient agar NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NAP network annotation propagation NBT Nitroblue Tetrazolium Test NCBI National Centre for Biotechnology Information NCCs novel chemical compounds ND neurodegenerative disease NDDS nanodrug delivery systems NEI-MPDB North East India Medical Plants Database NF-B nucleus kappa B NMR nuclear magnetic resonance NP natural products NPACT natural products activity and compound tracker NPASS Natural Product Activity and Species Source database NPAtlas natural products atlas NPC1 Niemann-Pick C1 NPOT nematic protein organization technique NPs natural products NRPS nonribosomal peptide synthase

OC osteocalcin OCC occludin OPG osteoprotegerin OPN osteopontin OSADHI Online Structural and Analytics based Database for Herbs of India PBMCs peripheral blood mononuclear cells PC partition chromatography PCL photochemiluminescence PCR polymerase chain reaction PD Parkinson’s disease PDA potato dextrose agar PDB protein data bank PEFE pulsed electric field extraction PHA phytohemagglutinin PHAs polyhydroxyalkanoates PI3K phosphoinositide 3-kinase PIC prior informed consent PICP carboxy (C-) terminal propeptide PINP amino (N-) terminal propeptide PKS polyketide synthase PL piperlongumine PLE pressurized liquid extraction PMA phorbol myristate acetate QS quorum sensing QSAR quantitative structure–activity relationship RANKL receptor activator of NF-Kb RAPD randomly amplified polymorphic DNA RC red clover Rf retention factor RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism RNAi RNA interference ROS reactive oxygen species RT retention time S6K S6 kinase SAR structure–activity relationship SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SCARs sequence characterized amplified regions SCFAs short-chain fatty acids SCFE supercritical fluid extraction SEC size exclusion chromatography SEMD secondary metabolite database SHR self-help group shRNA short hairpin RNA siRNA small interfering RNA

Growing infectious and noninfectious diseases are a major threat to human health and well-being. The treatment of these diseases with higher efficacy and lesser side effects is considered a gigantic challenge. Many diseases such as coronavirus-2019, human

virus disease, influenza, malaria, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer are associated with potential mortalities and morbidities worldwide despite the development of drugs for their treatment and management. The urgent need to find novel drugs, particularly from natural products is warranted. This chapter deals with an array of natural products from plant and microbial sources, the importance of analytical techniques, and natural products as a guide in drug design and synthesis as promising drug candidates.

one-third of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs have commenced from natural products and their derivatives (Thomford et al., 2018). The major sources of bioactive natural products are plants which cover about 80% of total known bioactive compounds, whereas 20% of them are isolated from marine organisms like corals, snails, sponges, and tunicates as well as from bacteria and fungi (Thirumurugan et al., 2018).

Medicinal plants have been utilized as a vital source of therapeutics for millions of years. The urge to find therapeutics from plant-derived natural products is still in progress. Though natural product-derived therapeutics were related to some intrinsic factors, the focus of pharmaceutical industries shifted from natural product-derived therapeutics toward laboratory-synthesized therapeutics (Anulika et al., 2016). Consequently , there has been a limited supply of effective therapeutics in the market because the results obtained from laboratory-based therapeutics are far behind in meeting the expectations of new therapies. These circumstances captured the attention of medical scientists in the use of natural product-based therapies again despite their great intricacy . The Austrian Drugs from Nature Targeting Inflammation program focuses on the identification and characterization of natural products possessing anti-inflammatory action with the help of a combination of computational techniques, ethnopharmacological uses, and phytochemical composition (Atanasov et al., 2015). Many secondary metabolites have been isolated from traditional plants and are known to exhibit pharmacological properties mainly antimicrobial activities (Table 1.1) and antitumor activities (Table 1.2).