Добавил:
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru t.me/Prokururor I Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Ординатура / Хирургия / Библиотека им академика М.И. Перельмана / Книга_6035_Библиотеки_им_академика_М_И_Перельмана.pdf
Скачиваний:
1
Добавлен:
15.09.2026
Размер:
16 Мб
Скачать
☆
 433
intestinal permeability brought on by dysfunctional TJs that allow antigens from the gut flora to pass results in an immune system response that can damage any organ or tissue, resulting in a variety of fatal illnesses.

17.3.5 DRUGS

The same drugs used to “manage” physical ailments also make our gut leaky, leading to downstream catastrophic events in our body system like metabolic disorders, allergies, and autoimmune disorders. The most common and frequently used classes of drugs used are the antibiotics. Antibiotics wipe out the majority of the bacteria in our gut, and some studies also indicate that even a single course of antibiotics may inflict irreparable harm to our gut’s microbial community and result in the disruption of gut bacteria that may otherwise serve to keep us healthy and prevent chronic disease (Tulstrup et al., 2015). The intestinal microbiota is altered by oral antibiotic use as a result of the interaction between the chemicals released by the antibiotic and the commensal and pathogenic bacteria residing in the gut, increasing the likelihood of pathogen colonization in the gut (Bäumler and Sperandio, 2016). Many anti-inflammatory medications like aspirin and ibuprofen are also reported to cause and increase intestinal permeability , whose long-term usage can also cause gastric and duodenal ulcers (Lambert et al., 2012; Tugendreich et al., 2006). Prednisone and hydrocortisone, two steroids that help restrict immunological activity and reduce inflammation, are frequently used to treat autoimmune illnesses. These steroids cause weakening of the intestinal epithelium by modulating the gut barrier function (Gianotti et al., 1996).

17.4 PATHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF A LEAKY GUT

What enters the bloodstream and is carried to the organs in our body is limited by the intestinal epithelium, which acts as a protective layer of defense restricting the entry of unwanted substances. When the TJs of intestinal walls get disrupted, bacteria and toxins flow from the gut into the bloodstream, and this condition is referred to as “leaky gut.” Bacteria and associated toxins in the bloodstream have the potential to produce extensive inflammation and even set off a detrimental immunological response. Numerous problems, including mild ones like headaches, bloating, cramps, exhaustion, and food allergies, can be brought on by a leaky gut, as well as life-threatening ones like cancer, IBD, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, depression, and so on. The principal causes of leaky gut being the culprit in causing various chronic diseases are the relationship shared between the gut and the brain, and the gut and the liver. The portal vein, commonly referred to as the gut–liver axis, is the anatomical connection between the gut and the liver (Albillos et al., 2020). The gut– brain axis is a two-way channel of communication between the enteric and central nervous systems that links the brain’s emotional and cognitive centers to peripheral gastrointestinal functions (Carabotti et al., 2015).
Increased intestinal permeability caused by a damaged mucosal barrier causes exposure
to luminal material and sets off an immune reaction that encourages intestinal inammation
434 
and a change in the composition of enteric ora. This intestinal inammation leads to a
chronic stage and disease called IBD (Yu et al., 2022). Another chronic gastrointestinal condition caused by the leaky gut is the Crohn’s disease in which luminal antigens,
bacteria, and associated toxins, and so on inltration causes high-degree inammation predisposing to clinical relapses (Sturniolo et al., 2001). When someone has an inamma-
tory bowel condition such ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, their chance of developing
colon cancer is increased (10–15%). Chronic inammation and immune system activation brought on by disturbances or modications to the normal gut ora may have an impact on the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). Gene mutations caused by chronic inammatory
diseases also promote angiogenesis and cell growth (De Waal et al., 2020).
The metabolic disorders type 2 diabetes, CVDs, NAFLD, and so on are all predisposed to by endotoxemia brought on by a leaky gut (Novakovic et al., 2020; Pitocco et al., 2020;
Said et al., 2022). LPS translocation triggers a chronic low-grade proinammatory and
pro-oxidative stress condition that is linked to chronic metabolic diseases tied to metabolic
syndrome. This condition activates inammatory responses and other downstream disease
progression pathways (Hoshiko et al., 2021). Studies have also shown the involvement of leaky gut condition in development of type 2 diabetes. Increased intestinal permeability allows pathogenic agents and food antigens to enter the body, which may eventually produce immunological responses that harm pancreatic beta cells and result in increased cytokine production and insulin resistance (De Kort et al., 2011). NAFLD, which develops as a result of the liver’s continuing exposure to components of intestinal origin such as toxins linked to bacteria and other antigens, is another hepatic manifestation of leaky gut (Kessoku et al., 2021). Figure 17.3 shows the progression of intestinal barrier disruption resulting in leaky gut conditions and other complications.

17.5 NATURAL PRODUCT IMPROVING GUT MICROBIAL DYSBIOSIS

Disruptions in gut microflora have been linked to many gastrointestinal and metabolic diseases. Microbiota-regulated factors like bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine, decreased commensal to pathogenic bacteria ratio, higher levels of luminal endotoxins along with mucosal inflammation and oxidative stress contribute toward the development of leaky gut (Chen et al., 2019). Commensal bacteria in the gut maintain the healthy atmo­sphere by producing bacteriocins and generating SCFAs from dietary fibers (González­Quilen et al., 2020).
Traditional medicine systems for the management of gastrointestinal ailments are wide-
spread all over the globe. Specically traditional Chinese medicine and Ayurveda have
extensive mention relating gut health, diet, herbal medicines, and overall physiological functioning (Wallace, 2020; Zhang et al., 2020). Recent advances in system biology and application of “omics” approaches have brought about a radical change in the traditional
medicinal approaches. Numerous studies have also demonstrated the benecial effects
of various plant extracts and isolated substances in the control of gut microbiota, hence lowering the risk of developing intestinal barrier dysfunction or leaky gut.
 435
FIGURE 17.3 The stages of disease progression of intestinal barrier disruption resulting in leaky gut condition and its pathological complications.
⏎

17.5.1 TRADITIONAL HERBS AND POLYHERBAL FORMULATIONS MANAGING GUT MICRO FLORA

Herbal medicines have widespread use from thousands of years. These traditional medi­cines have shown positive results in managing chronic colonic abnormalities, reducing mucosal inflammation and oxidative damage and also in maintaining a healthy balance of gut microflora. Studies have revealed that plant extracts, isolated bioactive compounds, and polyherbal formulations have immunomodulatory , anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties. Different herbal formulas, polyherbal preparations, single plants, and single active phytocompounds are reported for their beneficial effect in
436 
maintaining the microbial population in the intestine (Lin et al., 2019; Seo et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2020).
Classical Chinese herbal drugs Fufangkushen colon-coated capsule (FCC) and Qingchang Huashi (QCHS) have been tested in randomized clinical studies to obtain encouraging results. Uleceritis colitis patients when treated with FCC and a placebo for eight weeks, FCC-treated group showed a positive clinical response and no adverse effect was observed (Gong et al., 2012). Additionally, the endoscopic score of the QCHS-treated groups also improved. Besides mucosal healing of the intestinal barrier was also reported (He et al., 2012).
Traditional Chinese medicines and herbal preparations have gained signicant atten­tion because of their long therapeutic claims. Since thousands of years ago, Lizhong decoction has been used in clinical settings as a traditional medicine for the treatment of
UC. It is a polyherbal preparation composed of extracts of established anti-inammatory
and antioxidant plant extracts like Zingiber ocinale Rosc., Panax ginseng C. A. Mey., Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz, and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. in an equal volume
ratio (1:1:1:1). According to reports, the polyherbal formulation improved the integrity of the barrier by decreasing colonic inammation, increasing the synthesis of proinam­matory indicators, and upregulating the expression of TJ proteins. It was also found to be modulating the microbial population on genus level. At the phylum level, the abundance of bacteroidetes rose while the overexpression of proteobacteria decreased (Shen et al.,
2020). Baitouweng decoction, a polyherbal formulation, composed of Radix pulsatilla, Cortex phellodendri, Rhizoma coptidis, and Cortex fraxini. This traditional preparation was tested for its gastrointestinal protective activity in mice model. By reducing the rela­tive population of Escherichia and Shigella and boosting the population of Lactobacillus and Akkermansia, the decoction was proven to be effective in improving the microbial diversity (Xuan-Qing et al., 2012). Shenling Baizhu San (Jiao et al., 2022), Huaihua san (P. Liu et al., 2020), Garidisan (Pei et al., 2019), Rhubarb Peony Decoction (Luo et al.,
2019), Huang-lian-Jie-du decoction (Yuan et al., 2020), and Jakyakgamcho-Tang (Seo et al., 2019) are some other traditional polyherbal preparations that have been reported to mitigate microbial dysbiosis and ameliorate the intestinal barrier dysfunction. Through the balancing of gut microbiota, it has been discovered that these polyherbal formulations are
efcient in exerting protective impact on the intestinal membrane of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC test animals. Proinammatory cytokine levels were also upregulated, and inammatory markers were reduced. Improvements in the disease activity index (DAI)
score, colonic length, and colon histology along with an increase in body weight were observed in the treated groups.
Many traditionally used plants in the form of different extracts have also been explored
for their potential to modulate the intestinal microbial population with modern scientic
tools and techniques. Traditionally used plants like extract of Abelmoschus manihot (Zhang et al., 2019), Coptis chinensis Franch and Magnolia ocinalis (Xie et al., 2022), Capparis
spinosa
(Zhu et al., 2021), Pyracantha fortuneana fruits (Xu et al., 2019), Red Ginseng,
Semen coicis (Guo et al., 2015), and Indigo naturalis (Liang et al., 2019) have been inves-
tigated for their activity against leaky gut (Table 17.1).
TABLE 17.1 Traditional Medicine and Polyherbal Formulations Improving Leaky Gut Condition through Balancing Gut Microflora
Therapeutic Agent Category of Therapeutic Agent Observations Reference
Fufangkushen Polyherbal formulation Double-blinded multicentered controlled trial in colitis patients, involves
placebo Qingchang Huashi Polyherbal formulation Randomized clinical study He et al. (2012) Lizhong decoction Polyherbal formulation UC mice model, improved TJ protein expression, anti-inflammatory
action, gut microbial balance Baitouweng
decoction Shenling Baizhu San Polyherbal formulation Prospective cohort study Huai hua san Polyherbal formulation
Garidisan Formulation composed of wild
Rhubarb Peony decoction
Huang-lian-Jie-du decoction
Flos Abelmoschus manihot
Coptis chinensis Franch and Magnolia officinalis
Capparis spinosa
Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.)
H. L. Li Red Ginseng and
Semen Coicis
Indigo naturalis
Polyherbal formulation Dextran sulfate-induced colitis mice model, increased diversity of gut
microbes, anti-inflammation
In-vivo study in UC mice, reduced inflammatory markers, increased
membrane protection, balanced gut microflora
UC mouse model, regulates gut bacterial population, direct influence on
poppy and Artemisia frigida Willd Polyherbal formulation UC mouse model, restored microbial diversity, increased population of
Herbal preparation UC mice, reestablished intestinal flora homeostasis, balances the good and
Plant extract
Mixture of extracts UC rat, symptoms of diarrhea, hematochezia, regulated symptoms
Extract UC mice model, increased diversity of gut microbes and their metabolites,
Extract High-fat diet-fed rat model, improved structural integrity, reduced
Extract
Extract DSS-induced UC mice restored gut bacterial diversity, reduced the
the Lachnospiraceae family of bacteria.
Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, reduced Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes
pathogenic bacteria
In-vivo experiment in UC mice model, balances gut microflora, regulates
short-chain fatty acid production, butyrate, and acetate levels increased
of edema, congestion, and degradation of mucus layer, probiotics
Akkermansia and Blautia was increased
improved TJP, reduced inflammation
lactulose/mannitol ratio, improved microbial balance, regulated glycolipid
homeostasis
In-vitro studies and trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid-induced UC rats, promoted
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteriumin vitro, balanced bacterial diversity in vivo
abundance of Turicibacter, increased Peptococcus population, ameliorated
inflammation-related conditions
⏎
Gong et al. (2012)
Shen et al. (2020)
Xuan-Qing et al. (2012)
Jiao et al. (2022) Liu et al. (2020)
Pei et al. (2019)
Luo et al. (2019)
Yuan et al. (2020)
Zhang et al. (2019)
Xie et al. (2022)
Zhu et al. (2021)
Xu et al. (2019)
Guo et al. (2015)
Liang et al. (2019)
 437
438 
d

17.5.2 PHYTOCOMPOUNDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTESTINAL BARRIER INTEGRITY THROUGH BALANCING GUT MICROFLORA

The preventive action of polysaccharides, alkaloids, and polyphenols in preserving barrier integrity through balancing gut bacteria population has been documented (Table 17.2). Polysaccharides are one of prominently reported class of natural products with potential of balancing gut microbial diversity. Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrate polymers not hydrolyzed by the digestive enzymes. They are metabolized by the gut microbes to produce SCFAs in turn maintaining gut health. The potential advantages of plant polysaccharides in intestinal disorders have been shown in several studies. Polysaccharides from Dictyophora
indusiata
(Kanwal et al., 2020), purple sweet potato polysaccharides (Sun et al., 2020),
Arctium lappa polysaccharide (Wang et al., 2019), Georgi polysaccharide from Scutellaria baicalensis (Cui et al., 2021) are tested for colitis mice induced by DSS and found to be
effective in preserving the gastrointestinal barrier integrity by means of reducing pathological intestinal damage, reduced inflammatory and oxidative markers, and enhancing TJ protein expression. Scientific evidences show that the structural variations in polysaccharides including monosaccharide constituents, branches, and connections in the carbon skeleton and identity of the monosaccharide units influence the activity of the polysaccharides. SCFAs production in the gut by microbial metabolism is largely dependent on the presence of glycosidic linkage, side-chain composition, and the solubility of the plant polysaccharides. Polysaccharides containing rhamnose and galactose sugar are found to be anti-inflammatory in nature with significant potential on the reduction of proinflammatory cytokines. For the generation of SCFAs by the gut bacteria, polysaccharides having arabinogalactan, rhamnogalacturonan, or homogalacturonan units are thought to be effective prebiotics. Even though much research has been done on the impact of natural polysaccharides on preventing leaky gut by preserving microbial imbalance, the underlying mechanism of action is still not fully understood (Cui et al., 2021; Huo et al., 2022).
The isoquinoline alkaloid Berberine has been widely studied for its multilayered protec-
tion toward the intestinal barrier and inuence on the gut microbiome. Numerous studies have shown that berberine can affect the population and variety of gut ora, control fecal metabolites, and lower proinammatory indicators. Studies using models linking gut micro­ora and obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, other metabolic and inammatory diseases, in addition to cancer, demonstrate that the natural alkaloid’s benecial effects also extend to
various physiological conditions related to intestinal disruption (Yan et al., 2022). Further
in-vitro studies involving Sanguinarin showed reduced levels of inammatory cytokines
along with modulation of SCFAs diversity in the gut. Further human observational study and human intervention trials conducted to investigate the effect of coffee or its active natural product caffeine, showed greater diversity of gut microbes population relating
to more caffeine/coffee consumption (Dingeo et al., 2020). Atractylenolide-1, a lactone
alkaloid, was found to be modulating the metabolite production in the intestine thereby modulating the gut microbiota population. DSS induction disintegrated the intestinal membrane and increased the
-fructose and d-galactose production, which was reversed
upon the treatment with atractylenolide-1. Furthermore, it prevented the degradation of TJ
protein and mucoprotein and reestablished intestinal ora distribution (Qu et al., 2022).
 439
TABLE 17.2 Natural Products Regulating Leaky Gut Condition through Modulating Gut Microbiota
Natural Product Observations References
Polysaccharides
Berberine CAC mice, regulates diversity, and population of gut microflora, regulate the fecal
Sanguinarin Caffeine Human observational study Dingeo et al. (2020) Atractylenolide-1 Colitis mice model, balances microbial population and regulatory genes of fructose
Luteolin
Linarin
Shikonin CAC mice model, improved relative ratio of firmicutes to bacteroidota, modulates
Quercetin
In-vivo UC model, improved gut-bacteria balance, promoted SCFAs diversity, improved TJP, and barrier integrity
metabolites, and reduce proinflammatory markers In-vitro, modulation of SCFAs, reduced inflammation
and galactose metabolism (SPHK1 and B4GALT2), inhibits PI3K-AKT pathway UC rat, increased Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Butyricicoccus, and Roseburia population,
ameliorates DNA damages, regulates recombination of proteins, nucleic acid metabolism
UC-induced C57BL/6J mice, increased relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Roseburia, Parabacteroides and Blautia, increased SCFAs, reduced inflammation
Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway
Mice model, enhanced the populations of good bacteria (Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridia, and Bifidobacterium) and reduced Enterococcus and Fusobacterium
⏎
Kanwal et al. (2020), Sun et al. (2020), Wang et al. (2019), Cui et al. (2021), Huo et al. (2022)
Yan et al. (2022)
Dingeo et al. (2020)
Qu et al. (2022)
Li et al. (2021)
Jin et al. (2022)
Lin et al. (2022)
Lin et al. (2019)
440 
Polyphenolic compounds including avonoids are well-known natural antioxidants
which are abundant in many plant species. Different classes of polyphenolic compounds
are found to be benecial in maintaining the gut microbial balance and thereby reducing the symptoms of leaky gut. Luteolin, a common dietary avone was found to be benecial
in reducing DAI score and improving colon injury occurred in UC-induced mice. Li et al. showed that luteolin enhanced disturbances in the function of the gastrointestinal barrier
by modulating microbiota and enhancing anti-inammatory indicators (Li et al., 2021). Another natural avone Linarin was reported to be increasing mucosa layer strength and
improving barrier function. Linarin also improved the relative abundance of SCFAs and balanced the SCF A-producing bacterial population (Jin et al., 2022). Lin et al. reported the CRC inhibitory activity of a natural naphthoquinone Shikonin and its acetylated derivative. Shikonin raised the evenness of the good bacteria Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus, and Lachnospiraceae, lowered the population of the disadvantageous ones, and enhanced the
richness and variety of the gut ora (Lin et al., 2022). Dietary supplementation with of
the commonly encountered polyphenol quercetin and its monoglycosides are also found to be maintaining gut dysbiosis and eliminating the symptoms of IBD. When mice with colitis caused by Citrobacter rodentium were treated with quercetin, the populations of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Clostridia, and Bidobacterium increased while Fusobacterium and Enterococcus dropped. Quercetin supplementation also decreased inammation, oxidative damage, and reduced colonic injury (Lin et al., 2019). Zhu and coworkers treated DSS-induced UC mice with preparations containing quercetin (Q) with its monoglycoside (QM) in two ratios, namely, Q:QM 98:2 and Q:QM 69:31, and reported that dietary supplementation even at low doses could effectively reverse the condition of intestinal disruption (Hong and Piao, 2018).
17.6 NATURAL PRODUCTS PREVENTING INFLAMMATION AND OXIDATIVE
MUCOSAL INJURY
Oxidative mucosal injury and inflammatory responses are considered one of the major causes of the progression of leaky gut. Antioxidant plant extracts and many natural products have been tested and reported to be beneficial in targeting oxidative injury and inflammatory triggers.

17.6.1 ANTI-INFLAMMATORY TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND PLANT EXTRACTS AMELIORATING INTESTINAL MUCOSAL INJURY

Due to the presence of several active phytoconstituents, plant extracts, and traditional herbal remedies have demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress­reducing properties. Various studies have explored the potential of different traditional medicines and plant extracts in the mitigation of the symptoms of leaky gut. Traditional Chinese medicine kuijieyuan decoction has the ability to reduce inflammation and reverse oxidative damage, according to Liu et al. in DSS-induced UC rats. Kuijieyuan decoction
 441
is a polyherbal composition with major constituents being identified as the antioxidant natural products emodin, gallic acid, paeoniflorin, palmatine, berberine, coptisine, jatror­rhizine, baicalein, and baicalin. The decoction reduced the progression of UC injury and decreased the levels of inflammatory markers in a dose-dependent manner (Liu et al.,
2020). Another well-known traditional medicine Gegen Qinlian decoction has been reported to be effective in improving injured colonic mucosa through Notch-signaling pathway in both chronic and acute UC models (Zhao et al., 2020). Further antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of Garcinia cambogia in colitic rats has been reported to improve the disease condition by reducing DNA damage in the colonic cell. Portulaca oleracea L. ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts, as well as the plant’s isolated compounds, were studied for their potential to prevent IBD by Kim and colleagues. In mice with injury symptoms generated by DSS, the plant extract and its isolated component cis-N-
feruloyl-3′-methoxytyramine reversed the symptoms and reduced the levels of the
proinflammatory cytokines TNF-, IL-6, and IL-1 (Kim et al., 2018). Jasonia glutinosa (L.) DC., traditionally used in Spain for the treatment of bowel disorder was found to be potent in xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase inhibition as well as free radical scavenging activities. Furthermore, the ethanolic extract of the plant, prepared through the Soxhlet extraction technique, successfully reduced colon shortening, improved colon thickness, and prevented intestinal damage (Valero et al., 2020). Rubus crataegifolius, Ulmus macrocarpa, and Gar denia jasminoides plant extracts either alone or in combination were evaluated for its protective effect against ulcer in rat models. The study reported that the plant extracts in combination have strong antioxidant activity and successfully provide strong protective activity in mucosal injury of test animals (Park et al., 2019). Rocha and coworkers investigated the effect of Mentha pulegium (Pennyroyal) phenol-rich extract for IBD mitigation and the prevention of its further progression to CRC. The extract showed significant antioxidant and antiproliferative activity through in-vitro experiments and reduced inflammatory markers in colitis induced murine model. Histopathological examination showed reduced levels of intestinal injury (Rocha et al., 2019).

17.6.2 PLANT ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS PREVENTING MUCOSAL INJURY AND OXIDATIVE DAMAGE

Many natural products and bioactive natural molecules have been investigated and reported for their activity in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity via prevention of oxidative damage (T able 17.3). Heteropolysaccharides isolated from Camellia sinensis showed gastroprotective potential by balancing the glutathione pool (Scoparo et al., 2016). Mai et al. reported the inflammasome inactivation mediated intestinal damage-protecting activity of isoquinoline alkaloid palmatine in DSS-induced UC murine model. Treatment of diseased animals with palmatine, upregulated mitophagy which inhibited the release of dysfunctional mitochondria in turn activating inflammasomes. This series of signaling cascade results in the inhibition of hyperinflammation resulting in improvement of the disease condition in the UC mice
(Mai et al., 2019). Quinolizidine alkaloid oxymatrine inhibited nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)
nuclear translocation and inflammation regulating cytokine in rodent intestinal cells.
TABLE 17.3 Herbal Medicines and Bioactive Natural Products in the Management of Leaky Gut through Reducing Intestinal Inflammation and Oxidative Damage
Therapeutic Agent Category of
Kuijieyuan decoction Polyherbal composition UC rat model, restored UC injury, malondialdehyde, reduced inflammatory cytokines,
Gegen Qinlian decoction
Garcinia cambogia
Portulaca oleracea
Jasonia glutinosa (L.)
DC.
Rubus crataegifolius, Ulmus macrocarpa, Gardenia jasminoides
Mentha pulegium
Polysaccharides Isolated natural product Acute gastric lesion in Wistar rat, maintenance of gastric mucus through treatment of
Palmatine Natural product DSS-induced mice and macrophages, levels of inflammatory markers and disease
Oxymatrine Natural product DSS-induced murine model, reduced luciferase activity , decreased colonic inflammation Guzman et al. (2013) Quercetin Natural product Caco-2 and DSS-induced colitis mice model, alleviate the decreased cell index
Ellagic acid Natural product C57BL/6J mice, reduced intestinal permeability, endotoxemia, and liver injury
⏎
Observations Reference
Therapeutic Agent
increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes, regulates AKT/p-PI3K pathway
Polyherbal composition Acute and chronic UC mice, repaired injured colonic mucosa, increased goblet cells
in acute UC, upregulated RBP-J, MAML, and Hes1 proteins in chronic UC mice
Plant extract TNBS-induced colitis rat, improved the macroscopic damage and down-regulated,
reduced DNA damage in isolated colonocytes
Plant extract
Plant extract
Single plant extract or mixture of extracts
Phenol rich extract
In-vitro study (RAW264.7 macrophages), ICR mouse model, inhibited proinflammatory cytokine, increased JNK, ERK, and p38 phosphorylation in RA W264.7 macrophages
In-vitro enzymatic and cell-based assay, DSS-induced UC mice model, superoxide, xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory activity, reduced proinflam-
matory marker TNF-α levels, improved apical epithelial integrity in mice model
In-vivo model of gastritis and ulcer in rat, combined extract showed better effect (83.71% reduction with respect to individual extracts)
Human colon carcinoma cell and colitis in mice, antioxidant in-vitro assays, antiprolifera­tive activity on cancer cell, downregulation of inflammatory mediators in mice model
isolated natural product, reduction of reduced glutathione level (GSH)
activity index reduced, downregulated NLRP3 inflammasomes activation and enhanced mitophagy-related proteins
associated with colitis, ROS inhibition, increased H2O2 generated intracellular GSH concentration, and repaired damaged cell
through regulation of gut dysbiosis and ROS, apoptosis marker protein levels downregulated, prevented elevated leaky gut in alcohol-treated mice
Liu et al. (2020)
Zhao et al. (2020)
dos Reis et al. (2019)
Kim et al. (2018)
Valero et al. (2020)
Park et al. (2019)
Rocha et al. (2019)
Scoparo et al. (2016)
Mai et al. (2019)
Dong et al. (2020)
Kim et al. (2021)
442 